5.1.2 Pulmonary Flashcards
functional residual capacity
amount of gas that resides in your lungs when you relax
*can breath in or out from this point
total lung capacity
as deep of breath as you can take. the most gas you can hold
tital volume
normal amount of gas movement in and out
inspiratory reserve volume
volume for gas we hold in reserve for a deeper inspiration effect
*exercise
inspiratory capacity
both IRV and TV together!
*basically all the air you can hold minus resting aka FRC
expiratory reserve volume
exhaled out as much as we can
*NOTE: still gas in lungs (RV)
residual volume
amount of air always in lungs as a safety mechanism
*advantage for us not to exhale everything out bc if you’d completly exhale out you’d collapse lung and its is hard to re-inflate
vital capacity
when you exhale gas from total capacity to gone (IRV to RV… or IRV + ERV + RV)
forced vital capacity
how fast and hard you exhale out your VP
- max airflow test
- determines restrictive or obstructive diseases (obstructive= airflow; restrictive= probs inflating)
What is V,E?
minute volume
- amount of gas expired in one minuate…. TV*frequency
- *SO 600mL and 25 breaths a minute= 15,000 mL/min
1) when do you start to find alveoli on airways?
2) when do you terminate into sacs?
1) 17th branch
2) 23 divisions
conducting vs respiratory zone?
- conduction= no exchange
* respiratory= gas exchange
clinically, V,E or V,A is more important?
V,A
descrie V,A?
how much gas is actually making it to alveolar every min
*take how much breath is coming in (TV) minus the amount of air in conducting zone (Deadspace). multiply frequency
what is deadspace (DS)?
conducting airways represent anatomic deadspace, no exchange
*unperfused alveoli
how do you estimate V,A?
a person’s bodyweight (in pounds) but in mL!
- doesn’t work if obese
- so a 80 pound person= 80 mL= V,A
how can breathing be a limiting factor in your life?
when you have a respiratory disease and 60-70% of your oxygen you’re consuming is going toward ventilation
normal cost of breathing vs exercise?
normal= >5% exercise= 30%
what does compliance mean?
yielding to pressure
in pulmonary compliance, change in pressure leads to cahange in?
change in volume
what is pulmonary compliance curve?
shows how lung volume is affected by pressure (think of patients story from class- want somwhere in middle)
what is transpulmenary pressure?
difference in trachea minus intrapleural pressure
*just think of it as intrapleural pressure
what is pulmonary compliance?
the change in volume due to a given change in pressure
= V/P
= 1/ER
pulmonary compliance is inversely related to?
1) elastic recoil
2) stiffness
high/low compliance in relation to stiffness?
- high com= low stiff
* low PC = high stiff
elastic recoil potential is used for?
passive expiration
describe low curve of Pul Compliance?
***must know all 3
- down and too the right
- high ER, stiff lung
- struggle to inspire
describe high curve of Pul Compliance?
** must know all 4
- up and to the left
- small change in pressure causes large volume change
- low elastic recoil, NOT stiff
- hard to expire
what are the two primary components to ER?
1) connective tissue
2) surface tension
the more alveoli expansions, the more?
ER it has
*connective tissue involved
what does all fibrosis have in common?
inappropriate development of fibrotic starlike tissue in the small airways across the alveoli
*inappropriate proliferation of inelastic scar tissue
fibrosis
***
- increased CT and ER
- decreased compliance
- difficult to expand alveoli due to thick walls, hard to breath in
emphysema
*****
- decreased CT and ER
- increased complience
- breakdown of CT, causes thin walls
- easy to inflat but difficult to breath out
why is it important to have a lot of neutrophil elastase in lining of lung?
defense against invading pathways entering via airway
why is it important to have a lot of alpha 1-antitrypsin in lining of lung?
- stops and regulates the activity of neutrophil elastase
* bc we don’t want neut. elastase breaking down lining of lungs
________ disease is commonly associated with smoking
emphysema
emphysema is commonly associated with smoking, but can come naturally from?
a deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin
smoking inhibits?
alpha 1-antitrypsin, so it allows neutrophils elastase to break down walls
all alveoli have a thin layer of?
water
*water likes to cling to itself (surface tension)
everytime we take a breath, we have to break?
surface tension (break water bonds)
of the two major components of ER (CT and surface tension) which exerts a greater effect on ER?
surface tension!
explain why surface tension exerts the greatest affect on ER?
** look at notes to see graph
inflate with water and you don’t have to break surface tension. So you KNOW you’re only measureing how much expansion is due to CT
- you can see on graph that a lot less volume is due to CT by filling with saline
- and a lot more volume is due to breaking surface tension by filling with air
what is pulmonary surfactant?
- a complex protein/lipid molecule
- it is made and secreted in a mature lung to decrease the surface tension of water
- therefore, it decreases and normalizes pulmonary compliance
alveolar type 2 cells make?
pulmonary surfactant
*starts making it around 4th month of gestation, but is NOT FUNCTIONAL until 7th month
when is pulmonary surfactant made?
alveolar type 2 cells making it around 4th month of gestation, but is NOT FUNCTIONAL until 7th month
- EVEN then it is NOT enough until the 36-37th week of pregnancy for both quantitiy and quality
- Bovine and pig surfactant is used in premie babies
IRDS?
infant respiratory distress syndrome
**Bovine and pig surfactant treatments are used in premie babies and cut mortality in half
