4.1 Endocrine -hormone secretion regulation and ant pit

Question 1

what type of stimuli does hormonal secretion have?

Answer 1

both intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli

Question 2

intrinsic stimuli

Answer 2

• nerves -posterior pituitary
• hormones - from post pit to other glands (gonads)
• concentrations of substances -glucose concentration in plasma= primary control of glucagon and insulin stimuli

Question 3

extrinsic stimuli

Answer 3

• light
• sound
• smell
• temperatire
• exogenous hormones -anabolic steroids or birth control pills)

Question 4

extrinsic or intrinsic stimuli more important in animals?

Answer 4

extrinsic (light outside or best time to breed)

Question 5

post pit is an example of what stimuli?

Answer 5

intrinsic (from neural stimulation up in hypothalamus)

Question 6

what is negative feedback?

Answer 6

hormone or substance affected by a hormone feed back and negatively influences a structure/tissue involved in hormone production

Question 7

endocrinology has A LOT of ____ feedback?

Answer 7

negative

Question 8

when do we see a classic positive feedback?

Answer 8

females mensus cycle with a hormone (LH) surge to release ovum

Question 9

example of negative feedback with an increase of plasma glucose concentration?

Answer 9

eat > increase plasma glucose >glocuse stimulates beta cells of pancreas to secrete insulin > plasma insulin levels increase > insulin forces glusose into cells for storage thus decreasing plasma glucose

Question 10

what affect does low plasma glucose levels have on beta cells?

Answer 10

inhibition (because beta cells secrete insulin)

Question 11

what affects does high plasma glucose have on beta and alpha cells?

Answer 11

stimulates beta cells and inhibits alpha cells from secreting glucagon

Question 12

higher the glucose levels means higher the ____ and lower the _____

Answer 12

high insulin

low glucagon

Question 13

if you take anabolic steroids, what does this do to the natural production of that hormone?

Answer 13

inhibits the natural production and causes the gland to atrophy (negative feedback)

Question 14

exogenous hormone administration leads to what two things?

Answer 14

1) inhibition of endogenous production of hormone

2) glandular atrophy

Question 15

what are 3 general themes of over-stimulation?

Answer 15

1) inhibition of endogenous production
2) glandular atrophy
3) hypertrophy or exhaustion of galnd

Question 16

excessive stimulation of glands leads to either? organ examples?

Answer 16

1) hypertrophy =thyroid

2) exhaustion =pancreas

Question 17

why do we want to be a thyroid and not a pancreas?

Answer 17

• thyroid over-stimulation (thyroid stimulating hormone from ant pit) will try to BUILD itself up and keep up
• *pancreas over-stimulation (too much glucose) then the beta cells give up and are lost

Question 18

what is another name for pituitary gland?

Answer 18

hypophysis

Question 19

location of pituitary?

Answer 19

below hypothalamus, in sella turcica (sphenoid bone)

Question 20

what connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

Answer 20

infundibulum

*contains nerve fibers and small blood vessels

Question 21

what is the connection between hypo and POST pit?

Answer 21

neural! it is a track!

but still part of infundibulum

Question 22

what is the connection between hypo and ANT pit?

Answer 22

blood vessels bc ant pit is primarily gland tissue

but still part of infundibulum

Question 23

What is ‘basically an outgrowth of hypothalamus’?

Answer 23

posterior pituitary gland

Question 24

hypophysis is in what two distinct portions? derived from?

Answer 24

1) anterior pituitary
- –derived from pharyengeal epithelium
2) posterior pituitary
- –outgrwoth of hypothalamus

Question 25

another name fore anterior pituitary?

Answer 25

adenohypophysis

Question 26

another name for posterior pituitary?

Answer 26

neurohypophysis

Question 27

both the ant and post pituitary are controlled by?

Answer 27

CNS

directly by hypothalamus and indirectly by others parts

Question 28

is the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland important?

Answer 28

No. it is more important in animals (especially if they change color)
*this lobe deteriorates with age in humans, very small in adults

Question 29

adenohypophysis has how many cell types and how many hormones?

Answer 29

anterior pituitary has FIVE cells types and SIX hormones

Question 30

what are the 5 cell types of anterior pituitary and what do they secrete?

Answer 30

1) somatotrophs =somatotropin
2) thyrotrophs = thyrotropin
3) corticotrophs = corticotropin
4) gonadotrophs = gonadotropins (TWO)
5) lactotrophs = prolactin

Question 31

which cell type in the anterior pituitary secrete two hormones?

Answer 31

gonadotrophs release gonadotropins

1) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
2) luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 32

somatotropin aka

Answer 32

growth hormone (GH)

Question 33

thyrotropin aka

Answer 33

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 34

corticotropin aka

Answer 34

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 35

onadotropins aka

Answer 35

1) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

2) luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 36

corticotropin aka adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulate?

Answer 36

adrenal gland

Question 37

what does prolactin do?

Answer 37

milk production in females and maintain leydig cells in males

Question 38

where are GH receptors found?

Answer 38

on virtually every cells in the body (and therefore to some extent necessary for growth and maturation of tissues)

Question 39

general function of all anterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 39

regulate glands by stimulating other endocrine type cells to secrete hormones (except GH)

Question 40

why is the exception to general anterior pituitary hormones GH?

Answer 40

because it stimulates about ALL cells in the body, not just a regulator to other endocrine glands

Question 41

what controls secretion of adenohypophyseal hormones?

Answer 41

the hypophysiotropic hormones from the hypothalamus

*releasing hormones and inhibitory hormones

Question 42

what is the name of the pathway that releasing and inhibiotry hormones travel from hypothalamus to pituitary?

Answer 42

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels

Question 43

releasing hormones and inhibitory hormones are released and synthesized from?

Answer 43

they are peptide hormones that are released and synthesized from hypothalamus

Question 44

corticotropin releasing hormone comes from? stimulated by? increases secretion of?

Answer 44

come from hypothalamus after stress stimuli

*increases of ACTH