5.1.1 Pulmonary

Question 1

why do we breath?

Answer 1

we need oxygen for last step of ETC (for ATP synthesis)

Question 2

how do we breath?

Answer 2

• negative pressure ventilation is how a typical healthy person draws air into lungs
• relax and elastic recoil drives air back out of lungs

Question 3

what is the primary driver for why we breath?

Answer 3

CO2 (not oxygen)

Question 4

what cells in our stomach make hydrochloric acid?

Answer 4

parietal cells make HCL- and intrinsic factor

Question 5

1) what do mucous cells makes?
2) parietal?
3) cheif?
4) G cells?

Answer 5

1) mucus
2) HCl- and intrinsic factor
3) pepsinogen
4) Gastrin

Question 6

carbonic anhydrase equation?

Answer 6

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 =HCO3- + H+

Question 7

why is carbonic anhydrase important?

Answer 7

• HCO3- exchanged for Cl- in blood creating alkaline tide
• H+ exchanged for K+
• Need 20 bicarbs for every proton

Question 8

define ventilation

Answer 8

air into and out of lungs

Question 9

define perfusion

Answer 9

blood to and from lungs

Question 10

define gas exchange

Answer 10

1) O2 from alveoli into blood

2) CO2 from pulmonary capillaries into alveoli

Question 11

define contol of respiration

Answer 11

how O2 is carried thru bloodstream (major-idly by oxyhemoglobin)

Question 12

explain normal breathing with diaphragm?

Answer 12

• contracts and goes down to help with generation of negative pressure
• assisted by EXternal intercostals with deeper breath; causingrib cage to go upward and out

Question 13

accessory inspiration muscles?

Answer 13

1) sternocleidomastoid
2) scalene
3) pec minor
4) external intercostals
* *they all decrease pressure

Question 14

normal expiration

Answer 14

normal tidal expiration, do NOT need to contract any muscles

Question 15

forced expiration

Answer 15

we activate expiratory adominal muscles and INternal intercostals to increase intrapleural pressure

Question 16

what happens to diaphragm during expiration?

Answer 16

whether passive or forced, it will move upwards to push air out

Question 17

define conducting airway

Answer 17

• no alvioli associated with it

* NO gas exchange

Question 18

define alveolar space

Answer 18

• site of gas exchange CO2 and O2

* extremely vascular

Question 19

how many alveolar per lung?

Answer 19

500,00 alveolar per lung, and 1000 capillaries per alveolar

Question 20

for ventilatory mechanics, the pressure of gas in the atmosphere is?

Answer 20

O cm of water pressure

Question 21

what is alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure at rest?

Answer 21

• alveolar= O

* intrapleural= -5

Question 22

what is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

Answer 22

when you are relaxed and alveolar and atmospheric pressure in lung is O = amount of air that is IN your lungs when relaxed
*equilibirum point

Question 23

what does a relaxed lung mean?

Answer 23

no flow or gradient of air between atmospheric or alveolar pressure

Question 24

What has elastic recoil? means? what stops it?

Answer 24

alveoli. means they want to snap down to a small shape. ribs are like a bow and want to snap the other way

Question 25

inward vs outward elastic recoil?

Answer 25

* In= alveoli * out= ribs * **equal and opposite when at FRC

Question 26

what yeilds the FRC equilibrium point?

Answer 26

intrapleural pressure

Question 27

simplest way to think of the negative intrapleural pressure?

Answer 27

Negative pressure SUCKS ** meaning -5 pressure is pulling chest wall AND alveoli wall towards it. So in equilibrium (relaxation) everything stays in place

Question 28

what is normal breathing called?

Answer 28

normal tidal inspiration

Question 29

how do you get air into lungs during NTI?

Answer 29

contraction of diaphragm down increases thoracic cavity volume which causes the pressure to go DOWN **the negative (-8) intrapleural pressure is going to pull the alveolar walls open. So if alveolar volume increases, then the pressure decreases

Question 30

what is the relationship between pressure and volume?

Answer 30

inverse!

Question 31

during normal quiet breathing, which requires more muscles... to contract, inspire or expire?

Answer 31

normal expiration is PASSIVE | *it does not require muscle contraction

Question 32

why is normal expiration passive?

Answer 32

pressure gradient provides energy for air flow (expiration)

Question 33

when you make a deep forced inspiration, you cause?

Answer 33

greater muscle contraction - greater increase in thor cavity volume - greater decrease in interpleural pressure * *air will flow into a greater rate and volume (exception is restrictive lung disease)

Question 34

do you need muscles for forced expiration?

Answer 34

you MUST have muscle contraction for forced expiration

Question 35

define forced expiration?

Answer 35

exhaling beyound functional residual capacity (FRC)

Question 36

negative vs positive pressure and its affect on air?

Answer 36

* negative= draws air in, pulls | * positive= driving air in, pushes

Question 37

steps of positive pressure inspiration?

Answer 37

1) ventilator generates + pressure by the nose and mouth 2) pressurizes air by nose/mouth 3) forces air in 4) fills alveoli 5) once alveoli reaches same pressure as nose/mouth the flow expansion stops

Question 38

steps of positive pressure expiration?

Answer 38

1) ventilator switches back to 0 | 2) alveoli recoil back down, pressurizing the gas to force it out of lung

Question 39

"smart ventilators will sigh" means?

Answer 39

deep breaths help ventilate poorly ventilated areas in lung | *we do this naturally, ventilators do this for patients

Question 40

when is + pressure ventilation used?

Answer 40

in a "save you NOW" situation. not long term

Question 41

consequences of + pressure long term ventilation?

Answer 41

changes profusion of blood to the lungs if used too long

Question 42

real world example in history of + pressure ventilation?

Answer 42

Polio and the iron lung ** used to manipulate pressure outside chest wall to pull chest outward and therefore pull alveoli walls out to allow air in

Question 43

Heimlich maneuver

Answer 43

increases the alveolar pressure by supplementing the upward movement of the diaphragm, this compressing the thoracic cavity to dislodge foreign objects in the airways

Question 44

what happens if chest wall is breached?

Answer 44

air will flow into thoracic cavity (bc goes from high to low pressure) causing a sucking chest wound

Question 45

what happens to intrapleural pressure in sucking chest wound?

Answer 45

it goes to 0 | (remember it was the - pressure keeping the alveolar open

Question 46

what happens to the lung with a sucking chest wound

Answer 46

collapses

Question 47

pneumothorax

Answer 47

lung collapse bc of air in lung due to lung or chest wall damage

Question 48

hemothorax

Answer 48

build-up squishes airways, driving air out, leading to collapse

Question 49

atelectases

Answer 49

-caused by sucking chest wound

Question 50

asis ec tel a

Answer 50

``` asis= condition of ec= out tel= distance a= not ```

Question 51

emphysema blebs can spontaneously rupture leading to?

Answer 51

pneumothorax

Question 52

what is emphysema?

Answer 52

weakened area on lung

Question 53

what happens if lung wall itself is compromised?

Answer 53

air goes from lung in intrapleural space and causes a collapsed lung once it reaches equilibrium