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Physiology > 5.1.1 Pulmonary > Flashcards

5.1.1 Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

why do we breath?

A

we need oxygen for last step of ETC (for ATP synthesis)

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2
Q

how do we breath?

A
  • negative pressure ventilation is how a typical healthy person draws air into lungs
  • relax and elastic recoil drives air back out of lungs
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3
Q

what is the primary driver for why we breath?

A

CO2 (not oxygen)

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4
Q

what cells in our stomach make hydrochloric acid?

A

parietal cells make HCL- and intrinsic factor

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5
Q

1) what do mucous cells makes?
2) parietal?
3) cheif?
4) G cells?

A

1) mucus
2) HCl- and intrinsic factor
3) pepsinogen
4) Gastrin

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6
Q

carbonic anhydrase equation?

A

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 =HCO3- + H+

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7
Q

why is carbonic anhydrase important?

A
  • HCO3- exchanged for Cl- in blood creating alkaline tide
  • H+ exchanged for K+
  • Need 20 bicarbs for every proton
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8
Q

define ventilation

A

air into and out of lungs

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9
Q

define perfusion

A

blood to and from lungs

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10
Q

define gas exchange

A

1) O2 from alveoli into blood

2) CO2 from pulmonary capillaries into alveoli

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11
Q

define contol of respiration

A

how O2 is carried thru bloodstream (major-idly by oxyhemoglobin)

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12
Q

explain normal breathing with diaphragm?

A
  • contracts and goes down to help with generation of negative pressure
  • assisted by EXternal intercostals with deeper breath; causingrib cage to go upward and out
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13
Q

accessory inspiration muscles?

A

1) sternocleidomastoid
2) scalene
3) pec minor
4) external intercostals
* *they all decrease pressure

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14
Q

normal expiration

A

normal tidal expiration, do NOT need to contract any muscles

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15
Q

forced expiration

A

we activate expiratory adominal muscles and INternal intercostals to increase intrapleural pressure

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16
Q

what happens to diaphragm during expiration?

A

whether passive or forced, it will move upwards to push air out

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17
Q

define conducting airway

A
  • no alvioli associated with it

* NO gas exchange

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18
Q

define alveolar space

A
  • site of gas exchange CO2 and O2

* extremely vascular

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19
Q

how many alveolar per lung?

A

500,00 alveolar per lung, and 1000 capillaries per alveolar

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20
Q

for ventilatory mechanics, the pressure of gas in the atmosphere is?

A

O cm of water pressure

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21
Q

what is alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure at rest?

A
  • alveolar= O

* intrapleural= -5

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22
Q

what is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A

when you are relaxed and alveolar and atmospheric pressure in lung is O = amount of air that is IN your lungs when relaxed
*equilibirum point

23
Q

what does a relaxed lung mean?

A

no flow or gradient of air between atmospheric or alveolar pressure

24
Q

What has elastic recoil? means? what stops it?

A

alveoli. means they want to snap down to a small shape. ribs are like a bow and want to snap the other way

25
Q

inward vs outward elastic recoil?

A
  • In= alveoli
  • out= ribs
  • **equal and opposite when at FRC
26
Q

what yeilds the FRC equilibrium point?

A

intrapleural pressure

27
Q

simplest way to think of the negative intrapleural pressure?

A

Negative pressure SUCKS
** meaning -5 pressure is pulling chest wall AND alveoli wall towards it. So in equilibrium (relaxation) everything stays in place

28
Q

what is normal breathing called?

A

normal tidal inspiration

29
Q

how do you get air into lungs during NTI?

A

contraction of diaphragm down increases thoracic cavity volume which causes the pressure to go DOWN
**the negative (-8) intrapleural pressure is going to pull the alveolar walls open. So if alveolar volume increases, then the pressure decreases

30
Q

what is the relationship between pressure and volume?

A

inverse!

31
Q

during normal quiet breathing, which requires more muscles… to contract, inspire or expire?

A

normal expiration is PASSIVE

*it does not require muscle contraction

32
Q

why is normal expiration passive?

A

pressure gradient provides energy for air flow (expiration)

33
Q

when you make a deep forced inspiration, you cause?

A

greater muscle contraction

  • greater increase in thor cavity volume
  • greater decrease in interpleural pressure
  • *air will flow into a greater rate and volume (exception is restrictive lung disease)
34
Q

do you need muscles for forced expiration?

A

you MUST have muscle contraction for forced expiration

35
Q

define forced expiration?

A

exhaling beyound functional residual capacity (FRC)

36
Q

negative vs positive pressure and its affect on air?

A
  • negative= draws air in, pulls

* positive= driving air in, pushes

37
Q

steps of positive pressure inspiration?

A

1) ventilator generates + pressure by the nose and mouth
2) pressurizes air by nose/mouth
3) forces air in
4) fills alveoli
5) once alveoli reaches same pressure as nose/mouth the flow expansion stops

38
Q

steps of positive pressure expiration?

A

1) ventilator switches back to 0

2) alveoli recoil back down, pressurizing the gas to force it out of lung

39
Q

“smart ventilators will sigh” means?

A

deep breaths help ventilate poorly ventilated areas in lung

*we do this naturally, ventilators do this for patients

40
Q

when is + pressure ventilation used?

A

in a “save you NOW” situation. not long term

41
Q

consequences of + pressure long term ventilation?

A

changes profusion of blood to the lungs if used too long

42
Q

real world example in history of + pressure ventilation?

A

Polio and the iron lung
** used to manipulate pressure outside chest wall to pull chest outward and therefore pull alveoli walls out to allow air in

43
Q

Heimlich maneuver

A

increases the alveolar pressure by supplementing the upward movement of the diaphragm, this compressing the thoracic cavity to dislodge foreign objects in the airways

44
Q

what happens if chest wall is breached?

A

air will flow into thoracic cavity (bc goes from high to low pressure) causing a sucking chest wound

45
Q

what happens to intrapleural pressure in sucking chest wound?

A

it goes to 0

(remember it was the - pressure keeping the alveolar open

46
Q

what happens to the lung with a sucking chest wound

A

collapses

47
Q

pneumothorax

A

lung collapse bc of air in lung due to lung or chest wall damage

48
Q

hemothorax

A

build-up squishes airways, driving air out, leading to collapse

49
Q

atelectases

A

-caused by sucking chest wound

50
Q

asis
ec
tel
a

A 
asis= condition of
ec= out
tel= distance
a= not
51
Q

emphysema blebs can spontaneously rupture leading to?

A

pneumothorax

52
Q

what is emphysema?

A

weakened area on lung

53
Q

what happens if lung wall itself is compromised?

A

air goes from lung in intrapleural space and causes a collapsed lung once it reaches equilibrium

Physiology (42 decks)

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