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Physiology > 2.2 EKG > Flashcards

2.2 EKG Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two circulatory circuits? Their functions?

A

pulmonary and systemic

*same function: gas exchange

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2
Q

What need a change in WHAT to get flow? What affects flow rate?

A

need a change in pressure

*resistance affects flow rate

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3
Q

What happens to two vessels if they have the same change in pressure?

A

the vessels will still be EQUAL

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4
Q

what are the 3 main things that affect resistance?

A

1) viscosity
2) vessel length
3) vessel diameter

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5
Q

viscosity

A

measure of friction between molecules of a flowing fluid

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6
Q

vessel length means more? were?

A

more frictional resistance

*along vessel wall

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7
Q

What is most important factor affecting resistance? Why?

A

diameter because we can change it; causes exponential change

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8
Q

What is renals #?

A

how turbulent blood flow is

*greater the #, greater the turbulence

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9
Q

symphathetic release? affect what area of the heart? increase or decreaste rate?

A

release norepinephrine

  • affect all of heart
  • ***increase heart rate
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10
Q

parasymphathetic release? affect what area of the heart? increase or decreaste rate?

A

release acetylcholine

  • right vegas affects SA and R atrium
  • left vegas affects AV node and L atrium
  • *** decrease heart rate
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11
Q

sequence of excitation?

A 
SA node
atrial internodle pathway
AV node
bundle of His (R and L)
purkingje fibers
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12
Q

what are important ions for heart?

A

Na. K. Cl. Ca

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13
Q

What is the normal resting potential for ventricular muscle? for SA node?

A

vent muscle = -90

SA node= -60 to -70

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14
Q

What is pacemaker of heart? why?

A

SA node; has a lower threshold to meet = pre-potential

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15
Q

what does positive and negative chronotrophic effect mean?

A 
\+ = SPEED up; norepinephrine, sym
- = SLOW down, acetylcholine, parasym
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16
Q

what does decreasing a delay mean? examples?

A

to speed something up

  • sym speeds up rate and decreases delay
  • para slows rate and increases delay
17
Q

vector always points to?

A

the NEGATIVE, aka area that hasn’t been depolarized

18
Q

where does ventricular and atrial repolarization happen?

A 
ven= T
artrial= R
19
Q

What happens are P?

A
  • atrial depolarization

- repolarization obscured by ventricular depolarization

20
Q

What happens are Q?

A
  • ventricular depolarization

- generally base to apex, but a minor initial negative deflection

21
Q

What happens are R?

A
  • depolarization continues (BULK of it)
  • base to apex
  • positive deflection
  • -repolarization of atrials
22
Q

What happens are S?

A

-negative deflection at final instant of depolarization

23
Q

What happens are T?

A
  • repolarization of ventricles
  • apex to base
  • positive deflection
24
Q

repolarization is mainly repsresented by?

A

T, bulk is +

25
Q

describe 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree blocks?

A

1- prolonged PR
2- two or more P waves before QRS
3- equidistant QRS, ventricles stimulate themselvesbc no impulse from SA reaches them

26
Q

What does a double peaked R mean?

A

bundle branch block, independent depolarization of both ventricels

27
Q

3 most common types of premature beats?

A

1) atrial
2) AV node
3) premature ventricular contraction

28
Q

atrial premature beats?

A

originate from ectopic focus in atrium, abnormal P wave

29
Q

AV node premature beats?

A

originate from ectopic focus in AV node, giving an EARLY QRS before P

30
Q

premature ventricular contraction

A

from ecotpic focus in ventricular muscle, gives an early and Wide QRS (before P)

31
Q

flutter vs fibrillation?

A 
flutter= rapid COORDINATED REGULAR contractions; caused by ONE ectopic foci
fibrilation= rapid UNcoordinated IRREGULAR contractions; caused by MANY ectopic foci
32
Q

atrial flutter

A

caused by actopic focus in atrium

many P waves and occasional QRS

33
Q

ventricular flutter

A

ectopic focus in ventricle

*SINE WAVES, severly impacts pumping

34
Q

atrial fibrilation

A

MANY ectopic foci in atrium at different rates

*See QRS and then chaos, no P wave

35
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

MANY ectopic foci in ventircle at different rates

*NO WAVES AT ALL, complete squiggles

36
Q

what is cardiac arrest?

A

a type of ventricular fibrillation

*need CRP (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)

37
Q

What are the components of CRP?

A

1) cardiac massage -maintain blood to brain

2) artificial respiration- oxygenate blood

Physiology (42 decks)

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