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Physiology > 5.1.3 Pulmonary > Flashcards

5.1.3 Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

restrictive lung disease means?

A

restriction of lung inflation

*so much ER that is is hard to inflat

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2
Q

two most common ways to get restrictive disease?

A

1) increase connective tissue

2) lack of pulmonary surfactant

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3
Q

once of most common cause of death for hospitalizaed adults?

A

ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome)

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4
Q

causes of ARDS?

A

tons of causes

  • either utilize pulmonary surfactant too fast OR not making enough
  • must constantly replace
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5
Q

causes of decreased surfactant?

A

shock, severe blood loss, bone fracture, lung infections, drowning, transfusion, poilo

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6
Q

examples of restrictive lung diseases due to CT?

A

fibrosis and asbestosis

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7
Q

examples of restrictive lung diseases due to minimal surfactant?

A

IRDS and ARDS

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8
Q

are there any diseases where the body makes too much surfactant?

A

not that we know of

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9
Q

restrictive lung diseases are partially diagnosed via? using?

A

lung inflation tests!

*using a spirometry

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10
Q

how does spirometer work in detecting restrictive lung disease?

A

struggle to fully inflate lungs, but is world champ at exhaling due to so much ER indicates restrictive lung disease

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11
Q

what is wrong with airways in restirctive lung diseases?

A

NOTHING- they are fine

* don’t get restrictive and resistance confused! restrictive lung diseases does NOT mean they are resistant

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12
Q

typically a healthy person exhales how much vital capacity in the 1st second? how much with restrictive disease?

A

80%

*but about 86% with restrictive (bc exhaling champs)

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13
Q

when you take a deep breath, the alveolar septal walls pull?

A

the airway open

* called radial traction

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14
Q

radial traction does what?

A

increases radius of airway which greatly decreases resistance to airflow
*by the septal walls pulls the airways open

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15
Q

law of poiseuille tells us?

A

the resistance to flow for a fluid through a tube

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16
Q

resistance to airflow is closely associated with the ____ of the airway

A

radius

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17
Q

in the law of poiseuille, why is r^4 iportant?

A

bc a small increase in the radius cause HUGE decreases in resistance

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18
Q

what alters airway resistance?

A

1) auto stimulation
- -sympathetic
- -para
2) irritant reflexes
3) allergic

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19
Q

is there para neurons innervating airways?

A

Yes. they activate a signal transduction pathway that causes an increase in IP3, causing constriction
on (review this!)

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20
Q

is there any sym innervation of bronchial smooth muscle?

A

NO! No sym neurons, but there are beta 2 adronergic receptorson it

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21
Q

epi does what on bronchial smooth muscle?

A

released by adrenal medulla into blood, bind to beta 2 adronergic receptors on bronchial smooth muscle, activate cAMP, causing bronchial relaxation and bronchial dilation

22
Q

define obstructive lung disease?

A

obstruction of airflow

*hard to move air thru airways

23
Q

what is used to stop asthma attacks?

**

A

1) glucocorticoids = decrease inflammation
2) leukotriene inhibitors= decrease inflam
3) theophyline= smooth muscle relax
4) beta 2-sym agonists

24
Q

what is typically in rescue inhalers for asthma?

A

beta 2 sym agonists

25
Q

most common way to manage asthma?

A

glucocorticoids

26
Q

glucocorticoids inhibit?

A

PLAs therefore you can’t make arachidonates, therefore you can’t make leukotriences
**from biochem! part 1 slide 24

27
Q

common theme for all obstructive lung
diseases?
*****

A

a high resistance to air flow

28
Q

how does inhalers/meds work for obstructive?

A

1) decrease resistance so air gets in by INCREASING dialation
2) decreases inflammation

29
Q

large # of asthmatics is from?

A

production of leukotriences 4

30
Q

problem with bronchitis?

A

thick layers of mucus decrease radius of airway and increase resistance

31
Q

productive vs dry cough?

A

productive = mucus generated

32
Q

whenever you hear productive cough, think?

A

possible chronic bronchitus

33
Q

chronic bronchitis caused by?

A

leukotriences or another inflammatory agent

34
Q

triggers of asthma?

A

physical, exercise, or emotional

35
Q

obstructive vs restictive

A
  • *O= disorders of airflow; diagnosed by maximal airflow tests (FEV1/FVC test); high resistance
    • R= disorders of lung inflation; diagnosed by lung inflation tests (TLC, volumes and capacities); low resistance
36
Q

how do you test for obstructive?

A
  • do a FEV1/FVC ratio test (check max airflow)
  • –FEV1= forced expired in first second
  • –FVC= entire volume expired aka forced vital capacity
37
Q

FEV1= ___% in healthy person

A

80%

38
Q

FEV1= ___% in person with restrictive disease

A
  • person with obstructive disease can breath out this much but RV and TLC is low
  • if above 86% actually support restrictive disease
39
Q

spirameters measure?

***test question

A

velocity and volume

*so you CAN complete FEV1/FVC test to check for obstructive disease

40
Q

when airflow improves following beta 2 agonist inhaler medication, it indicates?

A

asthma

***the more severe the asthma, the greater the improvement after bronchodilator

41
Q

a patient with obstructive lung disease has resistance to airflow and CANNOT ___ rapidly; note elevated RV and TLC

A

exhale

42
Q

a
eu
pnea
dys

A 
a= no
eu= good
pnea= breath
dys= labor or faculty
43
Q

define eupnea

A

normal breathing

44
Q

define apnea

A

cessation of breathing

45
Q

define hyperpnea

A

rapid breathing

46
Q

define dyspnea

A

labored or faulty breathing

47
Q

define hypoxia

A

condition of low oxygen

48
Q

define hypoxemia

A

condition of low oxygen in blood

49
Q

define hypercapnia/ hypercarbia

A

condition of elevated CO2 (cap and ar mean same thing)

50
Q

define anoxia

A

absence of oxygen

51
Q

define hyperventilation

A

increased breathing rate and/or depth

**beyond metabolic needs

52
Q

define hypoventilation

A

decreased breathing rate and/or depth

** not ventilating as fast as body needs to bring in or remove metabolic gases

Physiology (42 decks)

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