5.5 Pulmonary

Question 1

what centers of breathing control are found in pons?

Answer 1

1) pneumotaxic center

2) apneustic center

Question 2

what centers of breathing control are found in medulla??

Answer 2

1) dorsal respiratory center
2) ventral RC
- -phrenic nerve

Question 3

when is ventral RC activated?

Answer 3

when you’re doing more than normal quite breathing, acivate muscles needed for forced experation or inspiration

Question 4

carotid sinus vs carotid body

Answer 4

sinus= monitor BP

body= chemoreceptors

Question 5

what are the chemoreceptro respiratory reflexes?

Answer 5

1) arterial (peripheral) chemoreceptors

2) central chemoreceptors in medulla

Question 6

describe arterial (peripheral) chemoreceptors

Answer 6

• carotid and aortic bodies in high amount
• activated by low PaO2, high PaCO2, low pH
• increased ventilation
• provide breath to breath alterations in ventilation

Question 7

describe central chemoreceptors in medulla

Answer 7

• exposed CSF, not blood
• activated by high CSF CO2 and low CSF pH
• activated by high PaCO2, but 2 min required
• activation causes an increase in ventilation
• provides steady-state respiratory control

Question 8

which one of the chemoreceptro respiratory reflexes is NOT sensetive to oxygen?

Answer 8

central chemoreceptors in medulla

Question 9

typical PaCO2 is?

Answer 9

40 Torr

Question 10

relationship between PaCO2 and alveolar ventilation?

Answer 10

• linear and direct

* most of breathing drive to regulatory CO2

Question 11

ventilatory response to CO2 graph… movement to left or up means

Answer 11

CO2 chemoreceptors are increasingly sensitive to stimulating effects of CO2

Question 12

ventilatory response to CO2 graph… movement to right or down means

Answer 12

*chemoreceptors less sensitive to CO2

Question 13

what causes shift of ventilatory response to CO2 graph to the right and down?

Answer 13

many things will decrease the receptors senstivity to CO2

**narcotic drugs (opoids), COPD (due to over-stimulations), anesthesia

Question 14

what is the most common cause of death from overdose of opioids?

Answer 14

they decrease our sensitivity to CO2 which decreases our ventilation rate (suppress it). basically our body forgets to breath

Question 15

arterial pH and alveolar ventilation relation?

Answer 15

linear and direct (just like CO2)

• if someone becomes alkalic (basic) you slow down breathing
• acidotic= breath faster

Question 16

acidotic= breath _____

Answer 16

faster

basic = slow

Question 17

alveolar ventilation line for PaO2

Answer 17

as O2 decreases and decreases there is NOT a lot of change until you get to 50-555 partial pressure for Pa)2 and THEN you’ll have a huge increase
**POINT: we are not that sensitive to oxygen, unless you get to a very low level (then you’ll influence strongly)

Question 18

neural respiratory reflexes that causes ventilation? (3)

Answer 18

1) muscle joint reflexes
- -loveing joint stimulate ventilation
2) pain receptors
3) lung inflation/deflation reflexes

Question 19

sharp somatic pain vs deep visceral pain and its effect on ventilation?

Answer 19

• sharp somatic pain= hyper

* deep visceral pain= hypoventilation

Question 20

lung inflation/deflation reflexes

Answer 20

you have stretch receptors in bronchial tree in muscle. So if your lung quickly and suddenly inflates your small airways expand. this causes a response to slow down breathing (or apnea=cessation of breathing)

Question 21

what is “wind knocked our of you”?

hypernea?

Answer 21

you clench (valsalva maneuver) which closes off epiglottis. So when you get hit the air can't leave, so it pushes open your small airways... thus causing the reflex to slow down breathing quickly (airways are already stretched and can't handle/don't want more air int there)
---this goes the other way, if airways collapse a bit instead of expand it';; cause quick breathing= hypernea

Question 22

what is motor cortex?

Answer 22

• corresponds with ventalatory muscles, so we can decide to breath faster
• has cortical influence
• luckily we don’t need this often

Question 23

what is apneustic center?

Answer 23

• inspiratory cut-off switch

- body loses ability to know which to stop inspiratory effort

Question 24

what is pneumotaxic center?

Answer 24

• getting higher up in the pons
• area that helps with tidal breathing
• switches on and off inspiration AND expiration

Question 25

renal vs respiratory systems regulate?

Answer 25

• renal= bicarbonate

* Resp= CO2