11 Cardiovascular system pathology Flashcards
arrhythmias
abnormal hear rhythms, problem with electrical or conduction system
bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)
failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node though the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle
flutter
rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria, symptomatic of heart disease (meds, cardovert, ablation)
fibrillation
very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350+/min)
AF atrial fibrillation
can lead to stroke because of ineffective and weak atrial contractions, leads to clots
VF ventricular fibrillation
electrical impulses move randomly through the ventricles, life threatening. need defibrilation so normal rhythm can take over
ICD (implantable cardiac defibrillator
terminates arrhythmia with a shock
catheter ablation
destroy tissue that causes arrhythmia with radio-frequency energy from the tip of a catheter
coarction of the aorta
(CoA) narrowing of the aorta
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open(patent) after birth
septal defects
small holes in the wall between the atria or the ventricles, heart-lung machine needed for surgical repair
tetralogy of Fallot
congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects. (blue baby)
tetralogy of Fallot
pulmonary artery stenosis, ventricular septal defect, shift of the aorta to the right, hypertrophy of the right ventricle
Congestive Heart failure (CHF)
Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood, systolic and diastolic CHF, leads to sob and fluid retention (pulmonary edema)
Tx for CHF
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (type I), beta-blockers, and digoxin
coronary artery disease (CAD)
disease of arteries surrounding the heart, usually result of athersclerosis- leads to thrombotic occlusion, when ischemia leads to necrosis you get an infarction
Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)
conditions cause by myocardial ischemia: unstable angina and myocardial infarction
nitroglycerin/nitrate effect
vasodilator increase coronary bloodflow and lowers bp
drugs to prevent CAD and ACSs
aspirin (prevent clumping of platelets), beta-blockers (reduce force and speed of heart beat and lower bp), ACE inhibitors ( reduce high bp), calcium channel blockers (relax muscles in blood vessels), statins (lower cholesterol lvl)
CABG
coronary artery bypass grafting, open heart operation to replace clogged arteries
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
hypertensive heart disease
high bp affecting the heart
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
improper closure of the mitral valve, prolapses into L atrium
murmur
extra heart sound, heard between normal beats
bruit
abnormal sound or murmur heard on auscultation
thrill
vibration felt on palpation of the chest, often accompanies a murmur
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium surrounding the heart, bacteria and virus - malaise, fever, chest p!, pericardial friction rub
cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart caused by collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity
rheumatic heart disease
heart disease caused by rheumatic fever, follows strep infection. valve can be damaged and scarred (vegetations), mitral stenosis
aneurysm
local widening of an arterial wall, danger is hemorrhage or rupture. tx depends on vessel
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
blood clot forms in a large vein, usually lower limb, can result in pulmonary embolism
HTN
hypertension, essential (no identifiable cause), secondary (due to a disease, glomerulonephritis…)
peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs. intermittent claudication (absence of pain at rest, but pain when walking)
Raynaud disease
reccurent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes, raynaud phenomenon arterial insufficiency
varicose veins
abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually in leg, hemmorrhoids, backed up at the valves bc of gravity
angina pectoris
chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia, stable occurs with exertion, unstable occurs without exertion
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I into angio II, causing blood vessels to dilate
beta-blocker
drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias. Blocks the action of epi at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heart beat and reducing workload on heart
calcium channel blocker
drug used to treat angina and htn. dilates blood vessel by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels
digoxin
drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heart beat
palpitations
uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardia arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
patent
open
petechia
small, pinpoint hemorrhages
vegetations
clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms and red blood cell on diseased heart valve
BNP test
measurement of brain natriuretic peptide in blood. elevated in patients with heart failure, helpful in diagnosis of patients with CHF and dyspnea
ECHO
echocardiography, high frequency sound waves produce image of heart. TEE- transesophagealecho
extracorporeal circulation
heart lung machin diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired (ECMO) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
balloon tipped catheter inserted into coronary artery to open artery, stents put in place
