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med term > 11 Cardiovascular system pathology > Flashcards

11 Cardiovascular system pathology Flashcards

1
Q

arrhythmias

A

abnormal hear rhythms, problem with electrical or conduction system

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2
Q

bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)

A

failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node though the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle

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3
Q

flutter

A

rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria, symptomatic of heart disease (meds, cardovert, ablation)

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4
Q

fibrillation

A

very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350+/min)

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5
Q

AF atrial fibrillation

A

can lead to stroke because of ineffective and weak atrial contractions, leads to clots

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6
Q

VF ventricular fibrillation

A

electrical impulses move randomly through the ventricles, life threatening. need defibrilation so normal rhythm can take over

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7
Q

ICD (implantable cardiac defibrillator

A

terminates arrhythmia with a shock

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8
Q

catheter ablation

A

destroy tissue that causes arrhythmia with radio-frequency energy from the tip of a catheter

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9
Q

coarction of the aorta

A

(CoA) narrowing of the aorta

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10
Q

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open(patent) after birth

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11
Q

septal defects

A

small holes in the wall between the atria or the ventricles, heart-lung machine needed for surgical repair

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12
Q

tetralogy of Fallot

A

congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects. (blue baby)

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13
Q

tetralogy of Fallot

A

pulmonary artery stenosis, ventricular septal defect, shift of the aorta to the right, hypertrophy of the right ventricle

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14
Q

Congestive Heart failure (CHF)

A

Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood, systolic and diastolic CHF, leads to sob and fluid retention (pulmonary edema)

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15
Q

Tx for CHF

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (type I), beta-blockers, and digoxin

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16
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

disease of arteries surrounding the heart, usually result of athersclerosis- leads to thrombotic occlusion, when ischemia leads to necrosis you get an infarction

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17
Q

Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)

A

conditions cause by myocardial ischemia: unstable angina and myocardial infarction

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18
Q

nitroglycerin/nitrate effect

A

vasodilator increase coronary bloodflow and lowers bp

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19
Q

drugs to prevent CAD and ACSs

A

aspirin (prevent clumping of platelets), beta-blockers (reduce force and speed of heart beat and lower bp), ACE inhibitors ( reduce high bp), calcium channel blockers (relax muscles in blood vessels), statins (lower cholesterol lvl)

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20
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass grafting, open heart operation to replace clogged arteries

21
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

22
Q

hypertensive heart disease

A

high bp affecting the heart

23
Q

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

improper closure of the mitral valve, prolapses into L atrium

24
Q

murmur

A

extra heart sound, heard between normal beats

25
Q

bruit

A

abnormal sound or murmur heard on auscultation

26
Q

thrill

A

vibration felt on palpation of the chest, often accompanies a murmur

27
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium surrounding the heart, bacteria and virus - malaise, fever, chest p!, pericardial friction rub

28
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

compression of the heart caused by collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity

29
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

heart disease caused by rheumatic fever, follows strep infection. valve can be damaged and scarred (vegetations), mitral stenosis

30
Q

aneurysm

A

local widening of an arterial wall, danger is hemorrhage or rupture. tx depends on vessel

31
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

blood clot forms in a large vein, usually lower limb, can result in pulmonary embolism

32
Q

HTN

A

hypertension, essential (no identifiable cause), secondary (due to a disease, glomerulonephritis…)

33
Q

peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

A

blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs. intermittent claudication (absence of pain at rest, but pain when walking)

34
Q

Raynaud disease

A

reccurent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes, raynaud phenomenon arterial insufficiency

35
Q

varicose veins

A

abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually in leg, hemmorrhoids, backed up at the valves bc of gravity

36
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia, stable occurs with exertion, unstable occurs without exertion

37
Q

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

A

antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I into angio II, causing blood vessels to dilate

38
Q

beta-blocker

A

drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias. Blocks the action of epi at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heart beat and reducing workload on heart

39
Q

calcium channel blocker

A

drug used to treat angina and htn. dilates blood vessel by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels

40
Q

digoxin

A

drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heart beat

41
Q

palpitations

A

uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardia arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)

42
Q

patent

A

open

43
Q

petechia

A

small, pinpoint hemorrhages

44
Q

vegetations

A

clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms and red blood cell on diseased heart valve

45
Q

BNP test

A

measurement of brain natriuretic peptide in blood. elevated in patients with heart failure, helpful in diagnosis of patients with CHF and dyspnea

46
Q

ECHO

A

echocardiography, high frequency sound waves produce image of heart. TEE- transesophagealecho

47
Q

extracorporeal circulation

A

heart lung machin diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired (ECMO) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

48
Q

percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

A

balloon tipped catheter inserted into coronary artery to open artery, stents put in place

med term (61 decks)

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