11 Cardiovascular system pathology

Question 1

arrhythmias

Answer 1

abnormal hear rhythms, problem with electrical or conduction system

Question 2

bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)

Answer 2

failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node though the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle

Question 3

flutter

Answer 3

rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria, symptomatic of heart disease (meds, cardovert, ablation)

Question 4

fibrillation

Answer 4

very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350+/min)

Question 5

AF atrial fibrillation

Answer 5

can lead to stroke because of ineffective and weak atrial contractions, leads to clots

Question 6

VF ventricular fibrillation

Answer 6

electrical impulses move randomly through the ventricles, life threatening. need defibrilation so normal rhythm can take over

Question 7

ICD (implantable cardiac defibrillator

Answer 7

terminates arrhythmia with a shock

Question 8

catheter ablation

Answer 8

destroy tissue that causes arrhythmia with radio-frequency energy from the tip of a catheter

Question 9

coarction of the aorta

Answer 9

(CoA) narrowing of the aorta

Question 10

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Answer 10

passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open(patent) after birth

Question 11

septal defects

Answer 11

small holes in the wall between the atria or the ventricles, heart-lung machine needed for surgical repair

Question 12

tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 12

congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects. (blue baby)

Question 13

tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 13

pulmonary artery stenosis, ventricular septal defect, shift of the aorta to the right, hypertrophy of the right ventricle

Question 14

Congestive Heart failure (CHF)

Answer 14

Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood, systolic and diastolic CHF, leads to sob and fluid retention (pulmonary edema)

Question 15

Tx for CHF

Answer 15

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (type I), beta-blockers, and digoxin

Question 16

coronary artery disease (CAD)

Answer 16

disease of arteries surrounding the heart, usually result of athersclerosis- leads to thrombotic occlusion, when ischemia leads to necrosis you get an infarction

Question 17

Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)

Answer 17

conditions cause by myocardial ischemia: unstable angina and myocardial infarction

Question 18

nitroglycerin/nitrate effect

Answer 18

vasodilator increase coronary bloodflow and lowers bp

Question 19

drugs to prevent CAD and ACSs

Answer 19

aspirin (prevent clumping of platelets), beta-blockers (reduce force and speed of heart beat and lower bp), ACE inhibitors ( reduce high bp), calcium channel blockers (relax muscles in blood vessels), statins (lower cholesterol lvl)

Question 20

CABG

Answer 20

coronary artery bypass grafting, open heart operation to replace clogged arteries

Question 21

endocarditis

Answer 21

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

Question 22

hypertensive heart disease

Answer 22

high bp affecting the heart

Question 23

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Answer 23

improper closure of the mitral valve, prolapses into L atrium

Question 24

murmur

Answer 24

extra heart sound, heard between normal beats

Question 25

bruit

Answer 25

abnormal sound or murmur heard on auscultation

Question 26

thrill

Answer 26

vibration felt on palpation of the chest, often accompanies a murmur

Question 27

pericarditis

Answer 27

inflammation of the pericardium surrounding the heart, bacteria and virus - malaise, fever, chest p!, pericardial friction rub

Question 28

cardiac tamponade

Answer 28

compression of the heart caused by collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity

Question 29

rheumatic heart disease

Answer 29

heart disease caused by rheumatic fever, follows strep infection. valve can be damaged and scarred (vegetations), mitral stenosis

Question 30

aneurysm

Answer 30

local widening of an arterial wall, danger is hemorrhage or rupture. tx depends on vessel

Question 31

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 31

blood clot forms in a large vein, usually lower limb, can result in pulmonary embolism

Question 32

HTN

Answer 32

hypertension, essential (no identifiable cause), secondary (due to a disease, glomerulonephritis...)

Question 33

peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

Answer 33

blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs. intermittent claudication (absence of pain at rest, but pain when walking)

Question 34

Raynaud disease

Answer 34

reccurent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes, raynaud phenomenon arterial insufficiency

Question 35

varicose veins

Answer 35

abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually in leg, hemmorrhoids, backed up at the valves bc of gravity

Question 36

angina pectoris

Answer 36

chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia, stable occurs with exertion, unstable occurs without exertion

Question 37

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

Answer 37

antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I into angio II, causing blood vessels to dilate

Question 38

beta-blocker

Answer 38

drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias. Blocks the action of epi at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heart beat and reducing workload on heart

Question 39

calcium channel blocker

Answer 39

drug used to treat angina and htn. dilates blood vessel by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels

Question 40

digoxin

Answer 40

drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heart beat

Question 41

palpitations

Answer 41

uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardia arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)

Question 42

patent

Answer 42

open

Question 43

petechia

Answer 43

small, pinpoint hemorrhages

Question 44

vegetations

Answer 44

clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms and red blood cell on diseased heart valve

Question 45

BNP test

Answer 45

measurement of brain natriuretic peptide in blood. elevated in patients with heart failure, helpful in diagnosis of patients with CHF and dyspnea

Question 46

ECHO

Answer 46

echocardiography, high frequency sound waves produce image of heart. TEE- transesophagealecho

Question 47

extracorporeal circulation

Answer 47

heart lung machin diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired (ECMO) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Question 48

percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

Answer 48

balloon tipped catheter inserted into coronary artery to open artery, stents put in place