Why We Do What We Do Ch. 7

Question 1

the job of socializing agents

Answer 1

to facilitate others’ doing the activities of their own volition, at their own initiative, so they will go on doing the activities freely in the future when we are no longer there to prompt them

Question 2

internalization

Answer 2

the process through which individuals take on the values of society

Question 3

how do Deci and Ryan view internalization?

Answer 3

as a proactive process

Question 4

what does internalization reflect?

Answer 4

people’s general propensity to integrate aspects of their world into their organismic integration

Question 5

2 types of internalization

Answer 5

introjection & integration

Question 6

introjection

Answer 6

swallowing a rule whole

Question 7

integration

Answer 7

digesting a rule

Question 8

what is the optimal form of internalization?

Answer 8

integration

Question 9

autonomy and integration

Answer 9

The need for autonomy champions the integration of a value or process into one’s self

Question 10

introjects

Answer 10

internalizations that take the form of “shoulds” and “oughts”

Question 11

what causes introjects?

Answer 11

incomplete internationalization (introjection)

Question 12

outcomes of incomplete internalization

Answer 12

• Rigid, dutiful compliance: occurs when introjects have a firm hold on a person
• Halfhearted adherence: occurs when introjects do not have such a firm hold on a person
• Rebellion: a defiant response to introjects

Question 13

Deci & Ryan’s assessment of the outcomes of incomplete internalization

Answer 13

None of the outcomes of incomplete internalization are good

Question 14

Ryan and Grolnick integrated vs. introjected motivation and performance study

Answer 14

assessed the extent to which elementary school children were motivated to do their schoolwork by introjected vs. integrated values. They also asked the teachers to rate how motivated each student was and asked the children how hard they tried in school. They found that children with high levels of introjected or integrated regulation were seen by teachers as very motivated. However, those who were more introjected were extremely anxious about school and displayed more maladaptive patterns of coping with failure compared to the integrated kids.

Question 15

Ryan and Grolnick autonomy support and internalization study

Answer 15

conducted structured interviews with the parents and elementary school children in a rural, demographically diverse community. They found that parents who were autonomy-supportive and involved had internalized the importance of doing schoolwork more than those who did not have autonomy-supportive parents. With greater internalization came greater academic achievement and adjustment

Question 16

Deci et al. autonomy-support and internalization study

Answer 16

involved a group of experimental subjects in a highly uninteresting task of watching a computer screen for the appearance of small spots of light. They manipulated three autonomy-supportive factors: providing a rationale for the task, acknowledging the participant’s feelings, and minimizing pressure such that they were either present or absent. They found that for each of these factors, there was more internalization when they were present than when they were absent. They also found that if people internalized a regulation when the autonomy-supportive behaviours had been present, they integrated the regulation, but if the behaviour was controlling, it took the form of introjection

Question 17

Deci et al. autonomy-support and internalization study takeaway

Answer 17

controlling contexts prompted some internalization, even though less than autonomy-supportive ones

Question 18

group identity

Answer 18

When people belong to a group, the group becomes part of their identity and they are naturally inclined to accept the group’s values

Question 19

how do we develop responsibility?

Answer 19

by meeting our needs for autonomy and relatedness

Question 20

requirements of autonomy supporty

Answer 20

• Being clear
• Being consistent
• Setting limits in an understanding, empathic way

Question 21

autonomy support vs. permissiveness

Answer 21

Autonomy support is not the same thing as permissiveness (letting others get away with whatever they want)

Question 22

permissive parenting today

Answer 22

Many parents today are permissive to appease their guilt that they do not spend as much time with their children as they should

Question 23

pushing parents beyond their limits

Answer 23

Any child can push their parents to the limits, especially when they are tired or stressed