Succeed Ch. 2

Question 1

beliefs and goals

Answer 1

• Beliefs are important influences on the goals we adopt
• Our beliefs about our abilities influence what we think is possible

Question 2

what is most important for developing an ability

Answer 2

Whether we think we can develop an ability is most important

Question 3

implicit theories

Answer 3

personal beliefs about the kind of thing a given characteristic or quality is

Question 4

entity theory of intelligence

Answer 4

the belief that a person has a certain amount of intelligence and that there isn’t anything anyone can do about it

Question 5

incremental theory of intelligence

Answer 5

the belief that intelligence is a malleable quality

Question 6

are most Americans entity or incremental theorists?

Answer 6

Most Americans believe mathematical ability is fixed, but they are split when it comes to intelligence

Question 7

people who believe that personality traits are fixed:

Answer 7

become overly concerned with receiving validation

Question 8

people who believe that intelligence is fixed:

Answer 8

avoid challenging goals because they prefer to make choices that validate their intelligence

Question 9

inverse effort rule

Answer 9

if you have to work hard at something, you aren’t good at it

Question 10

Dweck et al ESL & implicit theories study

Answer 10

asked university students whose English could use improvement if they would be interested in enrolling in a remedial English proficiency program. Found that only the incremental theorists showed any interest in the course

Question 11

Dweck et al. children’s personality and implicit theories study

Answer 11

Found that children who believed that their personality couldn’t be changed were more focused on being popular and avoiding rejection, whereas those who believed they could improve and grow as a person tended to choose goals that were about developing relationships

Question 12

mate-seeking and implicit theories

Answer 12

• People who believe their personality is fixed look for a mate who will seem like the perfect match and will leave when the relationship becomes too argumentative or critical
• People who believe their personalities can change are more likely to prefer a partner that challenges them

Question 13

Beer shyness and implicit theories study

Answer 13

found that shy people who believed their shyness was fixed opted for a video where they would be paired with someone more shy to make themselves look better, while people who believed they could change aspects of their shyness were more likely to choose a video where they would be paired with someone less shy to help them grow

Question 14

is the entity or incremental theory correct?

Answer 14

the incremental theory is correct. the entity theory is wrong

Question 15

why do smart parents tend to have smart kids?

Answer 15

because they give their kids more chances to develop their intelligence. When impoverished kids get these same opportunities, they too become smarter

Question 16

Knowledge is Power Program (KIPP)

Answer 16

provides a rich educational experience to primarily poor minority students. Found that more that more than 80% of KIPP students perform at or above their grade level in both math & reading

Question 17

Dweck incremental theory intervention study

Answer 17

found that 7th grade students in a you-can-get-smarter theory intervention group showed an improvement in math scores, while those in the control group showed a decrease in math scores

Question 18

influence of genetics on intelligence

Answer 18

Even if genes play a role in determining how much intelligence you start with, that doesn’t necessarily predict what you end up with

Question 19

the unconscious mind and goals

Answer 19

• The majority of our goals are unconscious
• The unconscious mind has greater processing power, so we work best when as much of what we are doing can be delegated to the unconscious mind as possible

Question 20

how are goals triggered?

Answer 20

by cues in the environment

Question 21

what kinds of cues trigger goals?

Answer 21

• words related to the goal
• the presence of means to achieve a goal
• other people, particularly those who are close to you and know you want to pursue a particular goal

Question 22

Shah et al. subliminal messaging and unconscious goals study

Answer 22

found that when students were subliminally exposed to their father’s name before completing a set of difficult problems, those students who associated Dad with the goal of high achievement worked harder and performed better. The same trend can be found with inhibiting goals

Question 23

goal contagion

Answer 23

the goals of others can serve as a trigger for one’s own goals

Question 24

what goals are contagious?

Answer 24

goals are only contagious if they are seen as desirable and feel right to you

Question 25

what types of goals are unconscious?

Answer 25

• goals that we have consciously adopted
• goals that we see in a positive light