Peak Ch. 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The U.S. Navy Strike Fighter Tactics Instructions Program

A
  • Used elements of deliberate practice
  • It allowed pilots to try different things in different situations, get feedback on their performance, and apply what they had learned
  • It was highly successful at improving the U.S. force’s performance in dogfights
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2
Q

how can you use deliberate practice to elevate the performance of an organization?

A

by identifying top performers and training others to bring them close to that level

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3
Q

3 myths that must be dispelled to enhance performance in an organization

A
  • The belief that one’s abilities are limited by one’s genetically prescribed characteristics
  • Doing something for long enough results in improvement
  • All it takes to improve is effort
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4
Q

learning while real work gets done approach

A
  • Involves turning normal business activities into opportunities for purposeful or deliberate practice
  • Allows people to get into the habit of practicing and thinking about practicing
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5
Q

the top gun approach to learning

A
  • Involves using feedback-driven practice to lead to improvement
  • Emphasizes skills and performance rather than knowledge
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6
Q

American radiologists and diagnosing breast cancer study

A
  • A 2004 study of 124 American radiologists found that no background factors were related to the accuracy of diagnosing breast cancer from mammograms
  • The authors argue that it may be related to the quality of the training they received before starting their independent practice
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7
Q

digital radiology training study

A

A 2015 study found that performance on a test set of mammograms from a digital library predicted performance at detecting cancer in the clinic

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8
Q

radiology residents and ankle injuries study

A

A 2011 study found that radiology residents’ accuracy at detecting possible ankle injuries in a child improved steadily by testing themselves with a series of X-rays and case details

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9
Q

how can we make radiology training more effective?

A

by making an effort up front to determine what sort of issues are likely to cause problems for new radiologists and designing the training to focus on these issues

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10
Q

focus of training in the professional world

A

Training in the professional world tends to focus on knowledge rather than skills because it is more convenient and traditional

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11
Q

2005 Harvard meta-analysis on doctor’s performance

A
  • A 2005 Harvard meta-analysis found that doctors’ performance grew worse over time, or at best, stayed about the same
  • The same trend is found in nurses
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12
Q

Davis continuing medical education study

A
  • Continuing professional education interventions for physicians were most effective if they had an interactive component and least effective if they didn’t
  • No type of continuing medical education is effective for complex multi-step behaviours
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13
Q

training in most professional fields

A

Most professional fields tend to lack the tradition of supporting the training and further development of practicing professionals

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14
Q

experience vs. expertise

A
  • Experience alone doesn’t equal expertise
  • Experienced surgeons weren’t any better at laparoscopic surgery than surgical trainees
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15
Q

how can we improve training in professional organizations?

A

by encouraging them to use skill- rather than knowledge-based training

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16
Q

Birkmeyer et al. surgeons’ skill and patient outcomes study

A
  • Found that there were large differences in patient outcomes among surgeons of differently rated technical skills, with patients of the more technically adept surgeons being less likely to experience complications or mortality
  • This suggests that patients could greatly benefit if less technically skilled surgeons were able to improve their skills
17
Q

Vickers et al. 2007 surgeons’ skill and cancer resurgence study

A
  • There was a major difference in skill between surgeons who had a great deal of experience with the surgery and those who had performed relatively fewer operations.
  • A patient’s cancer was almost twice as likely to come back within 5 years if they had been operated on by a less experienced surgeon
18
Q

Vickers et al. surgeons’ skill and cancer resurgence follow-up study

A

found that cancer recurrence rates continued to decrease until a surgeon had performed 1,500-2,000 surgeries

19
Q

key difference between surgery and other parts of the medical field

A

Surgery is different from other parts of the medical field because it provides clear and immediate feedback

20
Q

radiologists and interpreting mammograms study

A
  • A study of radiologists interpreting mammograms found that radiologists improved considerably in their first 3 years on the job and their rates of improvement slowed down sharply afterwards.
  • Radiologists who had participated in a fellowship did not experience the learning curve and attained the same skill level as those who did not participate in the fellowship after a few months compared to their 3 years
  • A well-designed training program that doesn’t require a fellowship may be able to accomplish the same thing
21
Q

the importance of recognizing unexpected situations in the professional world

A
  • The ability to recognize unexpected situations, quickly consider various alternatives, and decide on the best one is important in many areas
  • Ex. Most laparoscopic surgeries take an unexpected turn that requires the surgeon to determine a new approach
22
Q

what is the main way surgeons detect problems?

A

by noticing that something about the surgery doesn’t match their mental representation

23
Q

how are the world’s best doctors distinguished?

A

by their superior mental representations

24
Q

how can we study mental representations?

A

by guiding people through a task, asking them to stop in the middle, turn out the lights, and ask them to describe the current situation, what has happened, and what is about to happen

25
Q

how can we study mental representations for situations that you can’t stop in the middle of?

A

you can use a simulator or question individuals before and after