Weeks 4-6 Questions from Chapter Notes Flashcards
Hitting the emphasis and highlights that were made in lecture.
Anti-inflammatory drugs treat the symptoms not the__________ cause.
Underlying
What are the 5 different categories of anti-inflammatory drugs?
- Corticosteroids
- NSAIDs
- Antihistamines
- Leukotriene inhibitors
- DMARDS
What is the most powerful anti-inflammatory drug?
Corticosteroids (slows production WBCs because they are the source of all chemical mediators that trigger inflammation)
What is the suffix for corticosteroids?
-one
What is a short-term therapy side effect seen in all anti-inflammatory drugs?
Hypertension
Why do we NEVER immediately stop giving corticosteroids?
Because when synthetic cortisol enters our body, our adrenal glands stop producing natural cortisol (if we dont have cortisol we die). When the drug is immediately stopped, our adrenal glands do not have time to effectively and efficiently go back to making natural cortisol. We TAPER this med; lowering the dose until there is none left.
Do you need a prescription for COX-2 inhibitors?
YES
All NSAIDS can decrease blood flow to the kidneys except which one?
Aspirin
Children under the age of ______ should NOT have aspirin.
19
We dont want patients to take NSAIDs with any other medication that effects _______.
Their ability to clot
What is the real difference between leukotrienes and antihistamines?
Leukotrienes effect the liver and will see monitoring of the liver
What are DMARDs used for?
Auto immune disorders (like RA) that causes long term inflammation
What does TNF mean?
Tumor Necrosis Factor
What is the biggest concern with calcium supplements?
Constipation
Bisphosphonates work best on an ________.
Empty stomach (TAKE BEFORE BREAKFAST)
The most common way to treat osteoporosis is with _________ and ________.
Calcium supplements and bisphosphonate
What is the odd A/E in drugs that treat osteoporosis?
Jaw bone necrosis
Sometimes muscle spasms can be caused by ___________imbalances like _________.
Electrolyte
Potassium
You need to know the underlying issue before you give a muscle relaxer to a patient. If the pt has a muscle spasm relating to____________ imbalances you need to correct the underlying issue.
If they patient has an __________. You will most likely see a muscle spasm.
Electrolyte
Injury
Skeletal muscle relaxants lower ________.
Seizure threshold
Never give an antacid (tums) to a patient taking _________. (they make the other medication(s) less effective)
ANY other medication
What do diuretics do? and why are the prescribed?
Help the body get rid of sodium and water
Prescribed for people with high BP, heart failure, and edema
What is the suffix for thiazide diuretics?
-zide or -thiazide
Loop diuretics compared to thiazide diuretics now have the A/E of _________.
Ototoxicity
What is the most frequently prescribed loop diuretic?
Furosemide (Lasix)
Why do you give a Furosemide (Lasix) {Loop Diuretic} IV slowly?
Because if administered too quickly, it will bottom out their BP and damage the patients hearing. You administer 20 mg PER MINUTE
How do you administer Furosemide (Lasix) {Loop Diuretic} IV to children?
4 mg PER MINUTE
What is the MOA of Furosemide (Lasix) {Loop Diuretic}?
They work in the loop of Henle to block reabsorption
Potassium-sparing diuretics spare/ conserves __________.
Potassium
What is a risk of potassium-sparing diuretics?
HyperKalemia (too much potassium)
Loop diuretics are sometimes called ___________ diuretics because there is no ceiling to the dose
High-ceiling
Hydrochlorothiazide – a thiazide diuretic, we want to teach patients ______________.
To eat foods high in potassium
What is the medication that we teach patients to AVOID becoming overheated while their taking them and why?
Urinary Antispasmodics oxybutynin (Ditropan), tolterodine (Detrol)
Because they are not able to sweat properly so they are at risk for the A/E of heat exhaustion and heat stroke (dehydration).
True or False: Do patients need to take antispasmodics on an empty stomach?
Yes (True)
What is BPH?
Benign (not cancer) Prostatic(coming from prostate gland) Hyperplasia (overgrowth)
What are the two types of DHT inhibitors?
dutasteride (Avodart), finasteride (Proscar)
List the Selective Alpha-1 blockers {they lower BP}
alfuzosin (Uroxatral) silodosin (Rapaflo)
tamsulosin (Flomax) terazosin (Hytrin)
What is the normal range of potassium?
3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L
More insulin a patient has =
Less potassium they have
How do we administer IV potassium?
Diluted and slowly
What are the two methods of hypoKalemia treatment?
- Oral potassium chloride
2. IV potassium chloride
What is the 1-10-100 rule?
In 1 HOUR, the heart can only handle 10 mEq of potassium, BUT it must be diluted in at least 100 mL of fluid
What does Ketolase do (potassium) ? (pronounced: Kay-ex-olate)
Lowers potassium
What is opportunistic bacteria?
Bacterial infections that can occur when someone’s immune system is down (chemotherapy patients, people with AIDS/ HIV)
What is virulence?
How well can this bacteria invade, spread in regards to a normal immune response
What A/E is anaphylaxis seen in? (the medication category)
Antibacterial drugs
What are the 4 types of antibacterial drugs?
- Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
- Protein synthesis Inhibitors
- Metabolism inhibitors
- DNA synthesis inhibitors
What antibacterial category has the most allergic responses due to how powerful the medication is?
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
What is red man syndrome?
When a medication is given so quickly, there will be a rush of histamines released, BP drops low and from the torso up the patient will turn bright red.
List the types of cell wall synthesis inhibitors?
- Penicillin: amoxicillin
- Cephalosporins: cefalozin (Ancef)/ cephalexin (Keflex)
- Monobactams: aztreonam (Azactam)
- Carbapenem: imipenem/ cilastatin (Primaxin)
- Others: vancomycin (Vancocin)
What drug is similar to penicillin?
Cephalosporin
Which cell wall synthesis inhibitor do you give slowly (IV)?
Vancomycin (Vancocin)
What are the 3 types of Protein synthesis inhibitors? (suffix: -cin)
- Aminoglycosides
- Macrolides
- Tetracyclines (broad spectrum drug)
Tetracyclines cannot be taken with __________.
Food or dairy they have to be taken on an empty stomach to be effective
List the common protein synthesis inhibitors:
- Aminoglycosides: Amikacin (Amikin) / gentamycin/ streptomycin
- Macrolides: azithromycin (Zithromax)/ clarithromycin (Biaxin)
- Tetraclycline: doxycycline (Adoxa, vibramycin)
- Other: clindamycin (Cleocin)/ linezoloid (Zyvox)
What do aminoglycosides get used for?
Very serious infections
Aminoglycosides {protein synthesis inhibitor} have the potential to be _______ and ________.
Ototoxic and nephrotoxic
What is a peak? and when is it measured?
Once the med is completely infused (after 30 min or an hour, however long it takes), 30 minutes after the med is infused, draw blood and send it to the lab. This is the point in time when the pt should have the most amount of medication in their system
What is a trough and when is it measured?
If everything is fine, we wait 30 before the next dose is scheduled to draw the trough and send it to the lab.
Do not give an aminoglycoside along with _________. (medication)
Loop diuretics
Photosensitivity is a common side effect for which category of antibacterial drug?
Metabolism inhibitors
Metabolism inhibitors inhibit ________.
Folic acid
What is the main problem with Sulfonamides/ trimethoprim (metabolism inhibitors)
this chemical that can easily form into crystals. Crystals can form up in a pt. kidneys, and cause kidney stones or kidney failure. Any pt. that is taking meds from this category, you need to encourage them to drink A LOT of water, and that will help prevent those crystals from forming.
What medication is the A/E of Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with?
Sulfonamides/ trimethoprim (metabolism inhibitors)
What type of DNA synthesis inhibitor is a broad spectrum antibacterial?
Fluoroquinolones
Which medication in the DNA synthesis inhibitor category has the A/E of a tendon rupture?
Fluoroquinolones (suffix: -oxacin)
