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Pharmacology > Week 1: Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Week 1: Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which function is primarily the role of the pharmacist in drug therapy?

A

Dispensing a drug according to the instructions written in the prescription

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2
Q

What action or condition is a major disadvantage of the oral drug delivery route?

A

First-pass loss of drugs in extensive (rapid inactivation of elimination of oral drugs as a result of liver metabolism)

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3
Q

What major consideration allows a drug to be available OTC rather than prescription?

A

The drug is safe when the directions for dosage and scheduling are followed

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4
Q

Describe the process to get the answer for this question: How much does a child who weighs 34 lb weigh in kg?

A

2.2 kg x 34 lb = 74.8 kg

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5
Q

What is the Minimal Effective Consideration (MEC)

A

The smallest amount of drug necessary in the blood or target tissue to result in a measurable intended response.

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6
Q

Which statement about drug effects is true?

A

All drugs have at least one side effect

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7
Q

What is the meaning of the word contraindication in relation to drug therapy?

A

A personal OR health-related reason why a drug should NOT be given to a patient

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8
Q

What route of drug administration is the most commonly used for drug therapy?

A

Enteral route (movement of drugs from the outside of the body to the inside of the body using the GI tract)

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9
Q

Which organ is most heavily involved in drug metabolism?

A

Liver

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10
Q

Which statement about drug half-life is true?

A

Most drugs with a long half-life require less frequent dosing

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11
Q

Which patient response indicates a drugs intended action or therapeutic response?

A

Bone strengthening

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12
Q

Which condition would be considered a contraindication for a specific drug?

A

The patient prescribed lisinopril (Prinivil) has had a swelling of the lips, face, and tongue when taking another drug from the same drug class (family)

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13
Q

What is an advantage of a drug with a long half-life?

A

The drug is taken fewer times daily

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14
Q

Which patient response is a personal (idiosyncratic) adverse response to a drug rather than a true allergic reaction or general side effect?

A

Prolonged hiccoughing while taking a drug to reduce nausea and vomiting

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15
Q

What type of reaction is a child having when he or she becomes more alert and excited when taking an antihistamine that usually makes people sleepy?

A

Paradoxical reaction (drugs that have a specific type of effect or response on adults may have the opposite effect on children)

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16
Q

Which condition represents the steady-state phase of drug metabolism?

A

The drug is excreted at the same rate that it is absorbed, resulting in an even blood-drug concentration

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17
Q

A patient who is breast feeding her 6-week old infant is prescribed to take montelukast sodium (Singulair) 10mg orally daily (at 0900) for control of asthma. Which actions should you teach her to reduce the infants exposure to the drug?

A

Breast feed the infant right before taking the drug

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18
Q

Describe how to solve the following problem: A drug is prescribed at 220 mg orally every 8 hrs. How many total mg are given in a 24 hour period?

A

220 mg x 3 = 660 mg

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19
Q

The route in which to give a drug is determined by which pharmokinetic action?

A

Absorption - movement of the drug from the outside of the body to the blood stream and is determined by the entry route (percutaneous, enteral, parenteral)

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20
Q

What is the nurses role in a patients drug therapy (select all that apply)?

A

To administer prescribed drugs directly to the patient and to teach patients about the drugs prescribed

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21
Q

A recently hospitalized patient plans to purchase an OTC drug. What is the most important thing patients should know about using OTC drugs?

A

OTC drugs can interact with other medications, so the patients need to tell their health care provider what other drugs they may be taking

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22
Q

Which category of drugs is available only from a pharmacy?

A

Prescription (classified as those that have a greater harm than normal OTC)

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23
Q

Patient has been taking an antihistamine drug for 10 days and reports having drowsiness. What do you suspect the patient is experiencing?

A

Side effect - any mild effect of a drug on the body that is not its intended action

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24
Q

Which term is defined as “the way in which drugs work to change body function”?

A

Pharmacodynamics - it is what the drug does to the body

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25
Q

A drug has a half-life of 6 hours. In how many hours will the drug be considered eliminated from the body (less than 10% of the drug remains)?

A

24 hours. In general, at least 5 half lives (30hrs) after the last dose are needed to completely eliminate the drug.

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26
Q

Which condition increases the amount of drug in the blood?

A
  1. Loading dose: first dose that is higher than subsequent doses. Its purpose is to reach a higher blood-drug level quickly.
  2. Liver impairment: slows the rate that the drug is metabolized and excreted. Blood-drug levels are higher.
  3. Long drug-half life: keeps the active drug in the blood longer
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27
Q

Through which body systems are drugs eliminated:

A
  1. Digestive (intestinal tract/ digestive system)
  2. Integumentary (sweat)
  3. Respiratory (lungs)
  4. Urinary (urine)
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28
Q

What are the distribution compartments of a drug (select all that apply)?

A

Blood stream: or blood volume also called plasma volume (arteries/ veins/ capillaries).

Interstitial space: includes both blood volume and watery spaces between body cells.

Intracellular space: blood volume, watery spaces between cells, and space inside the cells.

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29
Q

A hospitalized patient had a major abdominal surgery 1 week ago. Pain medication was routinely scheduled first, but now it has been tapered to an as needed basis. Pain medication is administered in this way for what reasons (select all that apply)?

A

It avoids peaks and toughs in the patients drug blood-level (the relationship between the actual dose given and the blood-drug level over time.)

It keeps the drug at a steady-state

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30
Q

What are the 8 rights of Safe Drug Administration?

A 
Right patient
Right drug
Right dose
Right route
Right time
Right documentation
Right Dx
Right response
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31
Q

A nurse in an urgent care facility is preparing to administer a STAT dose of medication to a toddler who is accompanied by their parent. The child is not wearing an ID band. How should the nurse ID the client?

A

Ask the parent to ID the child by name

32
Q

Define standing order

A

written when a patient is receiving a drug on a regular basis. These drugs are prescribed for a specific number of days or until discontinued by the prescriber.

33
Q

Define PRN

A

As needed

34
Q

Define single dose

A

An order to give a drug only ONCE

35
Q

Define STAT

A

Immediately

36
Q

What does enteral route mean?

A

Anything digested through the GI tract

37
Q

Which of the following medication would NOT be administered through an nasogastric tube (NGT) (select all that apply)?

A

Enteric coated tablets (because you have to crush)
Sustained release tablets
IV medications (because it goes through IV)

38
Q

The nurse is working with a new graduate nurse and preparing to administer a topical cream to a patients skin. Which of the following action by the graduate nurse reflects a need for further teaching?

A

Shaving the patients hairs off the site before applying the medication.

39
Q

Which of the 8 rights should you apply immediately after you give a drug?

A

Right documentation

40
Q

For which order do you administer a drug as the patient needs it?

A

PRN (as needed)

41
Q

Which process was developed to ensure that a patient receives the correct medication when transferred from the ICU to a medical patient care unit?

A

Medical reconciliation

42
Q

Which are parenteral routes (select all that apply)

A

Intradermal (injection in the skin)
Subcutaneous (injection in the fatty tissue below the skin)
Intravenous (injection in the vein)

43
Q

What must you do to protect yourself when giving a topical drug line nitroglycerin ointment?

A

Put on clean gloves

44
Q

What is the best way t check that you are giving the right drug to the right patient?

A

Check the two unique patient identifiers

45
Q

A patient receiving a daily dose of furosemide needs a daily dose of oral potassium. Which types of order does a prescriber use?

A

Standing order

46
Q

Which intervention is the best way to prevent drug errors such as omissions, duplications, dosing errors, and drug interactions?

A

Follow the procedures of the eight rights

47
Q

Before giving any drug that you are not familiar with to a patient, what do you need to know about the patient (select all that apply)?

A
  1. The patients allergies
  2. Previous adverse reactions to drugs
  3. Pertinent laboratory values
  4. Important changes in the patients condition
48
Q

Which priority assessment must you make before giving a patient an oral drug?

A

Make sure that the patient can swallow

49
Q

Which actions are essential for safety when administering a parenteral drug to a patient (select all that apply)?

A
  1. Never recap the needles
  2. Clean the injection site in a circular motion from the outside to the inside
  3. Place all used needles and syringes in a SHARPS container
  4. Wear gloves to avoid exposure to blood or body fluids
50
Q

You are teaching a patient about a prescribed transdermal drug. What will you be sure to tell the patient (select all that apply)

A
  1. This route will allow you to keep a steady blood level of the drug
  2. Remove the old patch when you apply a new one
  3. Rotate sites where you place the patch to avoid skin irritation and breakdown
  4. Remove any drug left on the old site
51
Q

Your patient is to receive medications through an NG tube. What should you do when testing the patients NG tube with an end-tidal CO2 detector if CO2 is present?

A

Hold the medication because the tube is in the trachea

52
Q

You are to give ear drops to a 10 y/o child. Which technique will you use?

A

Pull the earlobe up and out (Children older than 3 years and adults)

53
Q

The nurse is administering an injection to a patient. Which parenteral administration routes require aspiration before injecting a drug?

A

Intramuscular: aspiration is required to ensure the needle is NOT in a vein.

54
Q

If a patient is unconsious, what is the best way to verify the patients identity?

A

Check the patients wrist band for two identifiers

55
Q

Which events would prevent you from giving an oral medication to a patient?

A
  1. Expiration date has passed
  2. Medication is discolored
  3. One of the 8 rights is absent
  4. The patient refuses to take the drug
56
Q

The nurse is administering an intradermal skin test injection to a patient. Where should the nurse place the needle?

A

Between the layers of the skin

57
Q

The prescriber orders “Tylenol 500 mg PO [by mouth], q4 [every 4 hours], PRN [as needed]. According to the order, how often is the medication given?

A

Every 4 hours as needed

58
Q

What are the four common types of drug orders?

A
  1. STAT
  2. Standing order
  3. PRN
  4. Single-dose order
59
Q

An end-tidal CO2 detector connected to the end of an NGT indicated the presence of CO2 in the tube. What is your best interpretation of this finding?

A

The NGT is in the trachea

60
Q

A nurse is administering drugs to her patient, What is the final defense for preventing and detecting drug errors in the hospital?

A

8 rights of drug administration

61
Q

The prescribers drug order reads “Tylenol 500 mg, PO (PO = by mouth), q 4 hours (q 4 = every 4 hours), PRN (PRN = as needed)”, but the patient has a nasogastric tube (NGT). What is the first step in preparing the drugs for administration?

A

Ensure the medication can be crushed

62
Q

A patient refuses to take a PO [by mouth] prescribed drug. What should you do?

A

Explain the consequences of not taking the drug

63
Q

You are preparing to give an unfamiliar drug to a patient. What information must you review before administering the drug?

A
  1. Drug purpose
  2. Previous side effects or adverse reactions
  3. Patients drug allergies
  4. Pertinent laboratory values
64
Q

What are the important guidelines to follow when preparing to give drugs?

A
  1. Check the written order
  2. Avoid touching pills or capsules
  3. Follow sterile technique when handling syringes and needles
  4. Limit interruptions and distractions
  5. Be alert to drug names that look and sound alike
65
Q

The prescribers drug order reads, “Tylenol 500 mg, PO (PO = by mouth), q 4 (q 4 = every 4 hours), PRN (PRN = as needed)”. What administration route does this order indicate?

A

Enteral - PO means per os or by mouth

66
Q

You should avoid giving oral medication to which patients?

A

Nauseated of vomiting patients

67
Q

The nurse is administering an injection to an obese patient. Which is the correct needle and injection angle for this patient who has been ordered to receive a subcutaneous injection?

A

3/8 – to 5/8-inch 25-gauge, 90 degrees: If the patient is obese, you may need to use a 90 degree angle with a 3/8 – to 5/8-inch 25-gauge needle.

68
Q

A nurse is about to administer an injection to a patient. What is the best way to prevent a needle stick?

A

Do NOT recap the needles

69
Q

The nurse is administering ear drops to an adult. What is the most important thing the nurse must remember when administering these ear drops?

A

Pull the earlobe up and out

70
Q

A patient with and intravenous (IV) line on an infusion pump reports soreness at the IV site. What must you do first?

A

Assess the IV site

71
Q

List the parenteral injection routes?

A
  1. Intradermal
  2. Subcutaneous
  3. Intramuscular
72
Q

Describe the intradermal route injection angle and method

A

Injected between the layers of the skin at a 10 - to 15 – degree angle with the bevel facing up.

73
Q

Described the subcutaneous route injection angle and method

A

Injected into tissues between the skin and the muscle. Typically these injections are 0.5 – 1 mL. Small short needles are used 3/8 in, 25 to 27 gauge; given at a 45 degree to 90-degree angle.

74
Q

Describe the intramuscular route and injection method

A

Injected deep into a muscle. Injections can be 1-3 mL; if more than 3 mL, divide the dose and give 2 injections. Injections of more than 3 mL are not well absorbed. Needles for these injections are longer (1-1.5 inches) and larger (20 to 22 gauge).

75
Q

Identify the 10 key elements of medication use

A
  1. patient information
  2. drug information
  3. adequate communication
  4. drug packaging, labeling, and nomenclature
  5. medication storage, stock, standardization, and distribution
  6. environmental factors
  7. staff education and competency
  8. patient education
  9. quality process and risk management
  10. drug device acquisition, use, and monitoring
76
Q

How do you avoid medication errors?

A

right reason for the drug, right documentation, right to refuse medication, right evaluation and monitoring

77
Q

Define the fatigue factor

A

Fatigue and sleep deprivation are linked to decreases in vigilance, memory, information processing, reaction time, and decision making

Pharmacology (55 decks)

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