Week 8 Part 2 Flashcards
Eupnea
Normal breathing rate and pattern (12-20)
Tachypnea
> 20
Can be from excitement or anxiety
Bradypnea
<12
obesity
alcoholism
Apnea
absence of breathing
Cheyne-Stokes
gradual increases then gradual decreases in respiration with periods of apnea
can happen with cardiac failure
Biots
rapid and deep respirations with pause of apnea
Brain insult (stroke) most likely to brainstem
Kussmauls
rapid and deep respiration
acidosis
panic attack
Pulmonary Edema
Accumulation of fluid in the tissues and air spaces of the lung
Pulmonary Edema
Most commonly caused by heart disease, especially
left ventricular failure with pink frothy sputum
Effect of aging on Pulmonary System
Movement of cilia
slows
Effect of aging on Pulmonary System
Loss of an effective
cough reflex
Effect of aging on Pulmonary System
decrease in the functional ability of the lungs to _____
especially after ____ years
move air in and out
55
Effect of aging on Pulmonary System
Respiratory muscle strength
weakens
Effect of aging on Pulmonary System
Increased stiffness of the
chest wall
Effect of aging on Pulmonary System
Loss of
elastic recoil of the lungs
Result of Aging Lungs
all of these changes contribute to the
increased work of breathing
With breathing, the elderly person must have
more ventilation for the same oxygenation than the younger person
effect of aging on the pulmonary system
these changes are influenced (negatively) by
Environmental factors
Respiratory disease
Body size
Infectious and inflammatory pulmonary diseases
pneumonia
pulmonary tuberculosis
pneumonia
Restrictive Lung disease
Inflammatory pulmonary response to an organism or agent
pneumonia
Inhalation of
toxic or caustic chemicals, smoke, dusts, or gases
Pneumonia most common in
older adults and children <5
Etiology of Pneumonia
4 Causes
Aspiration - food, fluids, vomitus
Bacterial 30%
Viral - 50% of most cases
Fungal - less common
Bacterial pneumonia prevalent in the
elderly
pneumonia pathogenesis
- Multiplying microorganisms release damaging toxins stimulating inflammatory and immune responses with damaging side effects
- Inflammation (associated with exudate) and edema cause filling with infectious debris and exudate
pneumonia preceded by an
upper respiratory infection
Pneumonia signs/symptoms
Chest pain aggravated by chest movement, dyspnea
-Hacking, productive cough with rust‐colored or green, purulent sputum
- Tachypnea accompanied by decreased chest excursion on the affected side
Cyanosis (central)
Pneumonia treatment
Antibiotic therapy for bacterial (primary)
Adequate hydration and pulmonary hygiene
- Deep breathing, coughing, and chest therapy (postural drainage)
Mechanical ventilation and supplemental O2
Pneumonia Important factors
dyspnea worse with exertion
supine/prone make breathing harder (high fowler)
Lots of exudate in lung
vocal fremitus is increased because of fluid
dull percussion
with pneumonia
CDC recomends ______
Elevation of ________
Decrease use of _______
vaccination
head 35-40 deg
sedatives
