2.2 Flashcards
Antigen
Any foreign substance
“Non self” in the body
Is capable of eliciting an immune response
Antibodies
Protein molecule, an immunoglobulin, produced in response to the antigen
Antibodies produced by
B cells
Antibodies only interact with the
Antigen that induced their synthesis
Antibodies functions
Neutralize bacterial toxins
Neutralize viruses
Promoting phagocytosis of bacteria
Activating components of the inflammatory response
IgA
Defends external surfaces of mucosa and secretions
IgD
On surface of B lymphocytes
Regulates interaction between B and T cells
IgE
Causes inflammatory symptoms (allergic response)
IgG
Major antibacterial and antiviral
Primary antibody of human body
IgM
Eliminates pathogens early on in the attack
Innate Immunity
1st line of defense against pathogens
Include internal and external defenses
Innate Immunity stimulated by penetration of the
Epithelial surface of the skin, respiratory, GI tract
Adaptive Immunity Primary Goals
Recognize and destroy foreign substances
Promote an effective immune response
Destroy/remove the pathogen
Establish long term memory
Adaptive Immunity requires
Preactivation
Adaptive Immunity can occur as a result of
Active or passive immunity
Active Immunity
Natural or acquired
Acquired by intro of an antigen into a responsive host (vaccine)
Passive Immunity
Immune products (antibodies) produced by an immune person are transferred to a nonimmune individual
Two components of Adaptive/Acquired Immunity
Humoral immunity
Cell Mediated immunity
Humoral immunity
B cell immunity (antibodies)
Control extra cellular pathogens
Defense against pathogens in body fluids
Cell mediated Immunity
T cell immunity
Control Intracellular pathogens
Defense against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells
Innate Immunity
Born with
Present prior to exposure
Adaptive immunity
Acquired or specific
Recognizes, eliminates, establishes long term immunity
B cells
Mediated by antibodies present in different “humors” (body fluids)
T cells
Learn to discriminate self from non self
Helper T
Most numerous 75%
Stimulate both B and T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Natural killer cells
Suppressor T cells
Suppress both T helper and cytotoxic cells
Memory T cells
Assure that there will not be a delay if the antigen returns
Types of T cells
Helper T
Cytotoxic T
Suppressor T
Memory T
Effect of Aging
Immune function declines with advancing age
T cell function declines (numbers do not)
Immune Responses
Exaggerated responses against environmental antigens (allergy)
Under active immune response
Immunodeficiency
immunodeficiency
Immune response is absent or depressed due to primary or secondary disorder
Primary Immunodefciency
Defects of T and B cells
Secondary Immunodeficiency
An underlying disease or factor that depressed or blocks the immune response
Iatrogenic Immunodeficiency
Induced by immunosuppressive drugs, radiation therapy, or spleen removal
Hypersensitivity Disorders
Increased immune response to the presence of an antigen that results in tissue destruction
Type I Hypersensitivity
Mediated by IgE
Antigen is external
Immediate hypersensitivity (vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, bronchoconstriction)
Type II Hypersensitivity
Antibody-dependent toxicity
Body cells directly attacked by antibodies (body’s tissue recognized as foreign)
Graves’ disease, myasthenia gravis
Type III Hypersensitivty
Immune complex hypersensitivity
Antigen-antibody complex accumulation followed by destruction
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Type IV Hypersensitivity
Delayed hypersensitivty
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Tuberculin (PPD) Response
