CV System Part 2 Flashcards
Arteriosclerosis is A group of diseases characterized by thickening and loss of
Elasticity of arterial walls
3 types of arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Monckebergs Arterioslcerosis
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis are plaques of fatty deposits form in the
Intima
Most common
Monckebergs Arteriosclerosis involves the
Tunica media of arteries
Monckebergs Arteriosclerosis is destruction of muscle and elastic fibers and formation of
Ca deposits
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening of the walls of small arteries (arterioles)
Atherosclerosis
Thickening of the arterial wall through the accumulation of
Lipids
Macrophages
T Lymphocytes
Smooth muscle cells
Extracellular matrix
Calcium and necrotic debris
CAD is a condition where the coronary arteries become restricted due to
Atherosclerosis
Once CAD develops it requires lifelong management
Changing ones habits is most effective way to
Stop disease from progressing
Management of CAD
Combo of meds that target symptoms and prevention of risk factors
Surgery
Risk factors that can reduce CAD
Smoking
Cholesterol level
Elevated LDL
HTN
Risk factors that will likely reduce CAD
Physical inactivity
DM
HDL
Hormonal status
Risk factors that might reduce CAD
Excessive alcohol consumption
Elevated TG
Sleep disordered breathing
Poor nutrition
Psychological factors
Non modifiable risk factors for CAD
Age
Sex (male)
Family history
Ethnicity (NA)
Infection
Heart Disease Prevention Target Measurements
BMI and Waist to hip ratio
18-24
</= .8
Heart Disease Prevention Target Measurements
Total Cholesterol
HDL
LDL
TG
</= 200
>/= 60
</= 100
</= 100
Normal BP
Less than 120
AND
Less than 80
Elevated BP
120-129
AND
Less than 80
High BP Stage 1
130-139
OR
80-89
High BP Stage 2
140 or Higher
OR
90 or Higher
Hypertensive Crisis
Higher than 180
AND/OR
Higher than 120
Metabolic Syndrome Criteria Waist Circumference
Men >40
Women >30
Metabolic Syndrome Criteria
Increased BP
> 130/85
Metabolic syndrome Criteria increase glucose and increase TG
Glucose: >/= 100
TG: >/= 150
Metabolic Syndrome Criteria Decrease HDL
Men: <40
Women: <30
Pathogenesis of CAD
Begins with an injury to the endothelial lining of the artery at the
Intimal layer
Injury to endothelial lining of Intimal layer makes vessel permeable to
Circulating lipoproteins
Pathogenesis of CAD
Penetration of lipoproteins into the smooth muscle cells of the intima produce
Fatty streaks
Pathogenesis of CAD
A fibrous plaque grows outward first and is large enough to
Decrease blood flow through the artery
Pathogenesis of CAD
Calcification with rupture or hemorrhage for the fibrous plaque is the
Final advanced stage
Pathogenesis of CAD
Thrombosis may occur, further
Occluding the lumen of the blood vessel
Medical management of CAD
- PreventionModify risk factorsDetectionDiet and exercise
- Pharmacotherapy
- Surgery
Diagnosis and Screening
Cholesterol levels (>20 years)
Angiograms
MRI, CT
Echocardiography (ultrasound)
Exercise treadmill testing (HR recovery)
Stress test records
electrical activity of heart with exercise during specific workloads of exercise
BP, dyspnea, and other symptoms may be measured
With stress test, HR recovery after sub maximal exercise is a predictor of
Mortality
With stress test, exercise tests are useful but are
Not completely reliable
Coronary Angiography is an invasive test used to
Explore the coronary arteries
Coronary angiography
A fine catheter is put into an
Artery of an arm or leg
Coronary Angiography
The heart and vessels are filmed while
The heart pumps
Coronary angiography
The picture is called an
Angiogram
Will show a blockage
