Hematology 2

Question 1

Hemorrhagic Anemia
An excessive loss of RBCs through bleeding

Answer 1

• Trauma and wounds
• Gastrointestinal cancer
• Bleeding peptic ulcer
• Excessive menstruation
• Bleeding hemorrhoids

Question 2

Aplastic Anemia

Answer 2

Destruction or inhibition of the red bone marrow

Question 3

• Pernicious Anemias
  
  • The body cannot make enough RBCs because the intestines

Answer 3

cannot properly absorb vitamin B12

Question 4

B12 is important for

Answer 4

RBCs production

Question 5

Pernicious Anemias
Occur due to

Answer 5

• Decrease in vitamin B12
• Small intestine conditions

Question 6

Pernicious Anemias
Lack of intrinsic factor

Answer 6

A special protein made in stomach that helps intestines to absorb vitamin B12

Question 7

Hemolytic Anemia

Answer 7

The RBCs are destroyed faster than they can be replaced.

Question 8

Hemolytic Anemia
Inherited:

Answer 8

RBCs are prematurely destroyed, due to defects passed through genes
Sickle cell anemia

Question 9

Hemolytic Anemia
Acquired

Answer 9

RBCs develop normally, but they prematurely destroyed by factors acting on them as they circulate

- e.g., autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Question 10

• Clinical Manifestations
  
  • As the anemia progresses, signs & symptoms caused by the O2 deficiency increases and may include

Answer 10

• • Weakness, easy fatigue
  • Dyspnea on exertion (DOE)
  • Tachycardia
  • Increased angina in people with pre- existing heart disease
  • Koilonychia (spoon shaped nails)
  • Pallor or yellowness of skin, especially the palms of the hands, fingernails, mucosa, and conjunctiva
  • Leg ulcers (sickle cell)
  • Lack of exercise tolerance
  • Headache

Question 11

• CNS Symptoms
  
  • Develop in 75% of clients with

Answer 11

pernicious anemia

Question 12

Subacute degeneration of the spinal cord caused by

Answer 12

vitamin B12 deficiency

Question 13

Anemia Complications

Answer 13

• Heart failure
• Hypoxic damage to the liver and kidney
• In presence of any coronary obstruction –> increased risk of heart attack

Question 14

Anemia -
Treatment
- Directed Toward

Answer 14

• Alleviating/controlling the causes
• Relieving the symptoms
• Preventing complications

Question 15

Vitamin B12, folic acid, iron therapy for

Answer 15

nutritional deficits

Question 16

O2 therapy to prevent

Answer 16

hypoxia

Question 17

Bone marrow transplantation to replace

Answer 17

damaged marrow

Question 18

• Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)
  
  • Group of inherited, autosomal recessive disorders characterized by the presence of an

Answer 18

abnormal form of hemoglobin within the erythrocytes

Question 19

• Sickle Cell
  -

Answer 19

RBCs are malformed, rigid, and sticky

Question 20

Sickle Cell Disease is characterized by

Answer 20

series of crises

Question 21

A crisis will be caused by hypoxia, which might result from situations such as:

Answer 21

• Strenuous physical exertion
• High altitudes
• Dehydration
• Extreme temperatures
• Alcohol consumption or fatigue
• Infection

Question 22

Sickle Cell Disease Clinical Manifestations

Answer 22

Pulmonary Crises (chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea
Vascular complications (CVA or avascular necrosis)
Neurologic Manifestations (seizure, diiziness)
Hand Foot syndrome
Liver and spleen enlargement
Renal complications (nocturia)
Jaundice

Question 23

SCD Treatment

Answer 23

• No cure. supportive care include:
  
  • Rest, oxygen, administration of IV fluids and electrolytes, PT and OT for joint and bone involvement

Twice-daily oral prophylactic penicillin

Aggressive re-hydration

• Medications
  
  • Analgesics, corticosteroids (musculoskeletal pain), or opioid

Blood transfusions

Bone marrow transplantation

Question 24

Leukocytosis

Answer 24

• An increase in the number of circulating WBC
  >10,000

Question 25

Leukocytosis May occur as a result of

Answer 25

- Inflammation or infection - Malignancies or trauma - Acute hemorrhage - Strenuous exercises or surgery - Pregnancy or temperature changes - Some drugs and hormones

Question 26

Leukocytosis Clinical Manifestations

Answer 26

- Fever, headache, SOB - Symptoms of inflammation or trauma to tissue

Question 27

Leukopenia

Answer 27

- Reduction of the number of leukocytes in the blood <4,000

Question 28

Leukopenia Can occur in

Answer 28

- Many forms of bone marrow failure, following anti- neoplastic chemotherapy or radiation therapy - Overwhelming infections

Question 29

Leukopenia The risk for infection

Answer 29

increases

Question 30

Leukopenia Mild reduction in the WBCs count can be caused by

Answer 30

viral infections

Question 31

Leukopenia Clinical Manifestations

Answer 31

- Sore throat - Cough - High fever, chills, sweating - Ulcerations of mucous membranes - e.g., mouth, rectum, vagina - Frequent or painful urination - Persistent infections

Question 32

Leukemia Cancer of the blood and bone marrow in which the bone marrow produces many

Answer 32

abnormal WBCs

Question 33

Leukemia Accumulation of dysfunctional cells and loss of ability to regulate

Answer 33

cell division

Question 34

Leukemia Common manifestation of all leukemias is the uncontrolled

Answer 34

proliferation of leukocytes

Question 35

Leukemia - Pathogenesis - Abnormal multiplication and release of

Answer 35

WBCs

Question 36

Leukemia Pathogenesis Results in overcrowding the

Answer 36

bone marrow with WBCs

Question 37

Leukemia Spill over into the

Answer 37

peripheral circulation

Question 38

Leukemia Crowding inhibits normal

Answer 38

blood cell production

Question 39

Leukemia Abnormalities in one or more organ systems can result from the

Answer 39

infiltration