Week 8 Flashcards
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nasal, oral cavity, larynx and pharynx
Lower Respiratory Tract
Bronchus, lung (upper and lower lobes), trachea
Conducting Airways
trachea
segmental bronchi
nonrespiratory bronchioloes
Respiratory Unit
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
cilia
- hair-like structures
- move all the time
- goal is to get rid of “bad stuff”
peak effectiveness is at 75 y.o.
Pulmonary edema
Accumulation of fluid in the tissues and air spaces of the lung
Hypoxemia
- Deficient oxygenation of arterial blood
Hypoxemia is caused by ______
It may lead to ________
pulmonary alterations
hypoxia
Conditions that cause Hypoxemia
Anemia, Congenital Heart Defects, Asthma, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, disorders of respiratory muscles
Pulmonary Disease Classifications
Acute or chronic
Obstructive or restrictive
Infectious or noninfectious
80-100
normal
60-80
Moderate tachycardia,
possible onset of respiratory distress,
dyspnea on exertion
50-60
Malaise, Nausea, Vertigo, Restlessness
Lightheadedness, Impaired judgment, Incoordination
35-50
Marked confusion
Labored Respiration
Cardiac dysrhythmias
25-35
Decreased renal blood flow
Decreased urine output
Loss of consciousness
Cardiac arrest
Lactic acidosis
Lethargy
<25
Decreased minute ventilation secondary to depression of the respiratory center
Obstructive Pulmonary disease cause difficulty
expiring
restrictive pulmonary disease cause difficulty
inspiring
Persistent dry (non‐productive) cough
allergies, airway irritation
no sputum
Productive cough with non‐purulent sputum
airway irritation
Productive cough with purulent sputum
can indicate infection
pneumonia
can lead to brown sputum
Hemoptysis ‐ coughing up
bloody secretions
Left congestive heart failure
abscess in lung
tumor in lung
Rust-colored sputum can be a sign of
pneumonia
Dyspnea or Shortness of Breath (SOB) worse when
laying prone or supine
Dyspnea or Shortness of Breath (SOB)
Causes
inadequate ventilation or insufficient amounts of oxygen in the circulating blood
Factors contributing to the sensation of dyspnea
- Increased work of breathing or systemic metabolic demands
- Respiratory muscle fatigue
- Emotion
- Chest pain (Pulmonary pain patterns)
- Can originate in the
pleurae, airways, chest wall
Pulmonary pain patterns:
substernal or chest region over involved lung fields
Chest pain can radiate to
the neck, upper trapezius, costal margins, thoracic back, scapulae, or shoulder
Shoulder pain may radiate along the
medial aspect of the arm mimicking other neuromuscular causes (ulnar nerve)
What color sputum can indicate pseudomonas infection
green
- Abnormal Sputum
- Secretions may change in
amount (copious)
Viscosity (thickness)
Color (white, yellow, green or pink)
Texture (frothy, clumped)
Pink and frothy sputum can result in
severe pulmonary edema (CHF)
Cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the
skin and mucous membranes
Cyanosis
decreased oxygen saturation of
hemoglobin in arterial blood
Central Cyanosis
Best observed in _______
Occurs in _______
Causes ________
oral mucous membranes, lips, and conjunctivae
warmer areas of the body
cardiac or pulmonary diseases
Peripheral Cyanosis
Best observed in _______
Occurs in ________
Causes _______
nail beds
colder areas of the body
cold temp, anxiety, HF, or shock
Peripheral Cyanosis
With slow blood circulation in
fingers and toes
Clubbing
Thickening and widening of the
terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes
- Loss of the angle between the nail and the nail bed
Clubbing
Any condition that interferes with ________
75-85% is due to _______
oxygenation
pulmonary disease
Clubbing can happen with
liver disease,
GI tract disorder,
peripheral vascular disease and
Heart disease
