Hematology Flashcards
Hematology
The form, structure, and function of
blood and blood-forming tissues
Plasma
Water (92%), proteins (7%), salts, organic molecules, gases (1%)
Formed elements
- Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs)
- Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs)
- Platelets or thrombocytes
Hematology integrated with the
lymphatic and immune systems
Edema
Accumulation of fluid within interstitial tissues or body cavities
Lymphedema
- Chronic swelling of an area owing to the accumulation of
interstitial fluid
Lymphedema
Inflammatory or mechanical
Trauma, resection, malignancy
Lymphadema
Accumulation of fluid can lead to
Bacterial growth, infection, fibrosis, loss limb use
Congestion
Accumulation of excess blood within the vessels of an organ or tissue.
Congestion
May be
Localized - a venous thrombus
Generalized - Heart failure which results in congestion in the lungs, LEs, and abdominal viscera
- Infarction (brain, heart, GI tract, kidney, spleen)
Localized region of necrosis caused by inadequate
arterial perfusion
The most vulnerable for infarction
cerebral neurons and myocardial cells
infarction is a result of
arterial obstruction
Thrombosis
Mass of clotted blood within an intact
blood vessel
Thrombosis
Results from hemostatic mechanisms involving
platelets
Embolism
Moves within the blood vessel to lodge at a site different from its
origin
- Shock
- Occurs when hemodynamic changes diminish
arterial blood circulation
Shock
Organs and tissues do not receive adequate O2 to meet their
metabolic needs
Shock
hypovolemic,
lose a lot of blood due to hemorrhage
Shock
obstruction
great vessel
Shock
Signs
- Initially a rapid, weak pulse
- Hypotension (systolic BP <90 mmHg)
- Cool, pale, moist skin
- Weak or absent peripheral pulses
Shock
Eventually causes
- Cardiovascular collapse
- Usually irreversible and patient is unresponsive
Aging and the Hematopoietic System
Change in
blood composition
Aging and the Hematopoietic System
Slightly decreased
hemoglobin and hematocrit (levels remain within the normal adult range) (anemia)
Aging and the Hematopoietic System
Decreased number of
lymph nodes,
function of lymphocytes, and cellular immunity
Anemia
Abnormality in quality or quantity of
RBCs
Anemia Hemoglboin Men
<13
Anemia hemoglobin women
<12 g/dL
Anemia is not a disease - it is a symptom of many diseases and disorders
Dietary deficiency
Acute or chrinic blood loss
congenital defects of hemoglobin
exposure to toxins
diseases of bone marrow
Chronic inflammatory disease
infectious disease
neoplastic disease
Causes of Anemia
Impaired production of RBCs
Increased destruction of RBCs
Blood Loss
Anemia
Most Common Groups Include
- Growing children
- Lower socioeconomic groups/economic restraints
- The elderly
- Lack of interest in food preparation
- Problem with dentition
- Menstruating and pregnant women
