Week 8 (exam 3) Flashcards
What are the 2 examples of fluid CT?
1) blood
2) lymph
What is the liquid portion of the matrix called and what are the 3 blood cells?
Blood plasma
1) Erthrocytes
2) Leukocytes
3) Thrombocytes
What are erthrocytes?
Red blood cells (RBC’s)
Human blood lacks nucleus
Most common cells
Thin interior (lighter color), thick edges
Primary job to carry oxygen with pigmented proteins
What is the pigments protein that carries oxygen in the blood?
Hemoglobin
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells
All about the body defenses
Less numerous than red blood cells
Usually larger than red blood cells
Have distinct nuclei often really weird shape
5 general kinds
What are thrombocytes?
Cells involved in clotting of blood
Human blood you won’t see them just fragments
What does thrombo mean?
Clotting
What are the fragments of thrombocytes you see?
Platelets
What is lymph?
Drained off of interstitial fluid
The tissue fluid that is being drained in this system is the lymph
97% lymphocytes (white blood cells)
Lymphatic system discharges in the circulatory system
What are the 2 basic nerve or neural tissue?
1) Neurons
2) Glial cells or neuroglia
What are neurons?
Nerve cell proper
Conduct nerve transmissions
Large and complex
Mercer reproduce after made
What are glial or neuroglia cells?
Perform variety of supportive functions for neurons
More glial cells than neurons
Dominant in nerve tissue
Brain or spinal tumors occur cause something goes wrong in these cells
Reproduce constantly
What are the 3 basic kind of muscle tissue?
1) skeletal muscle (voluntary)
2) cardiac muscle (involuntary)
3) smooth muscle (involuntary)
What is skeletal muscle?
Attaches to skeleton
When muscle contracts bone moves
Cells are very large
Cylinder look and many nuclei located on the edge of the cell
What does multinucleate mean?
Multiple nuclei
What is cardiac muscle?
ONLY in the heart
Striated
Smaller cells that branch with one nucleus
Act as if they were one
Have intercalated discs
What are intercalated discs?
Dark straining lines between cardiac muscle
Mark location of gap junctions
-move ions
Electrically interconnected with each other
What is smooth muscle or visceral muscle?
No striations
Identified by texture under microscope
Found in walls of internal organs
- walls of blood vessels
- walls of tiny air passageways in lungs
- walls of digestive organs
What is the functions of the skeletal system?
1) support
2) ion reservoir
3) lipid storage of yellow marrow or white marrow
4) blood cell production
5) protection
What is the support function of the skeletal system?
Structural framework for the attachment of tissues and organs
What is the ion reservoir function of the skeletal system?
Stores calcium ions (Ca2+)
Need certain amount
Too much calcium ions get store in bone
If you need calcium ions you get it from the bones
What is the lipid storage function of the skeletal system?
Fat composed of adipocytes
White marrow in younger people
Yellow marrow in older people
Medullary cavity
What is the red blood cell production function of the skeletal system?
Occurs in red marrow
What is red marrow?
Blood cells of all kinds are formed here
Not widely distributed in body
Found in epiphysis
Areas of spongy bone
Thrombocytes
What are the 2 basic kinds of supporting CT in the skeletal system?
1) cartilage
2) bone
What is cartilage?
Made of chondrocytes living in lacunae
Matrix is largely glycoproteins
Chondrocytes deprive from chondroblasts
Antiangiogenesis Factor
Covers with periochondrium
Rely on diffusion
What is the glycoproteins cartilage matrix is?
Traps a lot of water
Makes cartilage resistant from compression (spring like)
Interlaced with collagen fibers
What are chondroblasts in cartilage?
Most of matrix is produced here
Lays matrix and walls itself in and become chondrocytes
What is antiangiogenesis factor?
No blood vessels
What is periochondrium?
Covered with sheath of CT surrounding cartilage
What are the 2 layers of the perichondrium?
1) dense CT
2) inner layer of chondrocytes
What are the 2 ways cartilage can grow?
1) apposition always growth
2) interstitial growth
What is appositional growth?
Occurs on the outside
Laying down layer after layer of new matrix around outside of cartilage
What is interstitial growth?
Occurs on the inside of cartilage
Chondrocytes split into 2
What do the gap junctions do between the osteocytes?
Transport waste of nutrients to one another
What does the canaliculi do?
Transmit tentacle structure permitting osteocytes to communicate with one another
What are the the 3 different kinds of bone cells?
1) osteocytes
2) osteoblasts
3) osteoclasts
What are osteoblasts?
Cells that create matrix
Transform into osteocytes after laying down matrix all around them
What are osteoclasts?
Break down bony matter
Responsible for process called resorption or osteolysis
Large multi nuclei. Ella
Creates ruffled border
Pump H+ lowering pH at ruffled border on to matrix (removes cement like material)
Cross crossing fibers in matrix
What does the osteoblasts dump on the matrix and what does it do?
Collagenase
Enzyme that digests collagen
What is a ruffled border?
When osteoclasts touches matrix and bone forms a scalpels edge called ruffled border
What is the matrix of bone made of?
Mineral- hydroxyapatite (gives strength)
Collagen (gives resilience)
Need both
What is hydroxyapatite?
Calcium phosphate with little calcium hydroxide
Gives strength
What happens if hydroxyapatite was removed?
Bone would be flexible and would not be able to be walked on
What happens if the collagen was removed from the bone?
Bone would shatter
What are osteocytes?
Bone cells that live in chambers
