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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Week 6 (exam 2) > Flashcards

Week 6 (exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of material from high to low concentration

Goes down concentration gradient

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2
Q

How does diffusion happen?

A

Molecules move at random

Because of statistics

Continuous until equal number (equilibrium)

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3
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

Movement doesn’t stop when molecules are even they keep moving but cancel each other other out

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4
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water molecules going down the concentration gradient and through a semi permeable membrane

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5
Q

What has to happen to be considered osmosis?

A

1) has to be water moving

2) has to be going through semi permeable membrane

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6
Q

What is a solution?

A

Transparent

Mixture that is broken down

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7
Q

What is a solute?

A

Thing that dissolves

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8
Q

What is a solvent?

A

Thing that does the dissolving

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9
Q

What is the problem with osmosis?

A

Cares about what the solvent does

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10
Q

What is the problem with diffusion?

A

Cares about what the solute does

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11
Q

What is the osmometer?

A

Shows osmosis

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12
Q

What is the osmotic pressure?

A

Force osmosis creates

Push back with same force to stop osmosis

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13
Q

What two things can happen to stop osmosis?

A

Equilibrium

Pushing back the osmotic pressure

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14
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

More concentration

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15
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

Less concentration

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16
Q

What is isotonic?

A

Equal concentration

Appears the cell isn’t moving but water moves in and out of cell at equal rate

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17
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Liquid in cell with stuff dissolved in it

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18
Q

What is a shriveled up cell called?

A

Crenation

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19
Q

What is a cell that blows up called?

A

Cell lysis

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20
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

Blood cells that blow up

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21
Q

What is an ion?

A

Charged atoms or molecules

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22
Q

What is a cell membrane made of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer and protein

Anything with charge has a hard time getting through

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23
Q

What is an ion channel?

A

Integral protein

Has particular channel for different ions

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24
Q

What is a leak channel?

A

Channel opened all the time leaking ions in or out

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25
Q

What are chemically regulates channels?

A

Channels opened or closed depending on chemicals in the area using receptor proteins (ligands) to open channel

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26
Q

What is a voltage gated ion channel?

A

Opens up with particular charge that is around and certain charges cause it to close

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27
Q

What is facilitated (assisted) diffusion?

A

Diffusion process that carrier proteins assist with

Usually something that is too large to pass through the phospholipid bilayer

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28
Q

What is a carrier protein?

A

Always follows the law of diffusion

Changes shape and releases molecules in either direction (in or out of bilayer)

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29
Q

What is active transport “proper”?

A

Goes against concentration gradient

Uses ATP

Uses carrier proteins referred as pumps

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30
Q

What are carrier proteins referred as in active transport “proper”?

A

Pumps

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31
Q

What is the sodium potassium pump?

A

Goes from low to high

Forces sodium and potassium to go in opposite direction

Throws 3 Na+ out of cell and brings in K+ in the cell

Cells are typically negative because of pump

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32
Q

What is the counter transport or antiport?

A

Ex: Sodium potassium pump

Things are being moved in the opposite way

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33
Q

What is the cotransport or simport?

A

Things being moved in the same direction

34
Q

What is the carrier mediated transport?

A

Transport that is mediated by carrier protein

Ex: facilitated diffusion and active transport “proper”

Suffer from limitation known as saturation

35
Q

What is saturation?

A

Have a finite number of carrier proteins

Can’t get material out as fast as before (remains the same rate doesn’t get faster or slower) when all carrier proteins are being used

Maximum rate material can move

36
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Exo- out

Has a vesicle inside cell that migrates to cell membrane, fuses with it and material from vesicle is dumped out

37
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

Little bubble inside the cell

Membrane is phospholipid bilayer

38
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Bringing stuff in the cell

Consists of phagocytosis, pinocytosis and carrier mediated endocytosis

39
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis- eat

When one cell wants to eat another cell or something solid that is near it

40
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Pino- drink

Cell taking a drink (extracellular fluid)

41
Q

What is carrier meditated endocytosis?

A

Uses receptor proteins

Chemical binds to receptors

Membrane can grab what is wanted or needed faster

42
Q

Cells have a coated pit. What is a coated pit?

A

Coated with receptor proteins

43
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Organ like structure in cell that perform a certain function

44
Q

What are the 2 kinds of organelles and what are they?

A

1) Non membranous- different structure

2) Membranous- have a phospholipid bilayer

45
Q

What are the 2 types of non membranous organelles?

A

1) cytoskeleton

2) proteins

46
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

Protein fibers in cell that act like skeleton

Consist of microfilaments
microtubules
Intermediate filaments

47
Q

What are microfilaments in the cytoskeleton?

A

Made of actin protein

Used to create structural framework of cell

Form skeletal support for microuilli

Act as anchoring inside cell to hold shape

48
Q

What are microuilli?

A

Rigid finger like extensions

Used to increase surface area for absorption

49
Q

What are micrtubulles in cytoskeleton?

A

Tubulin protein

Hollow cylinders

Act as track ways inside cell to move things around

To move chromosomes

Inside is cilia and flagella

50
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Structure DNA forms

51
Q

What is cilia?

A

Hair like processes

52
Q

What is flagella?

A

Long whip like processes

Sperm tail

53
Q

What is an intermediate filament in a cytoskeleton?

A

Not as thin as microfilaments it think as microtubulles

Strong fibers in cell

54
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

Consist of 2 parts:

1) large ribosomal subunit (top part)
2) small ribosomal subunit (bottom part)

Composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein

Reads RNA and spits out protein

55
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? (Membranous organelle)

A

Network of membranes in DNA

Produce material

Synthesize, store and transport things

2 kinds:

1) smoothensoplastic reticulum (SER)
2) roughendoplasric reticulum (RER)

Consists of transport vesicles and Golgi apparatus

56
Q

What is smoothendoplastic reticulum (SER)?

A

Looks smooth

Produces phospholipid bilayer, steroids, glycogen (human version of starch)

57
Q

What is the roughendoplastic reticulum (RER)?

A

Looks like sandpaper

Spotted with ribosomes

Major place where proteins are produced

58
Q

What is a transport vesicle?

A

Ship materials to where it is going to go

59
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Warehouse where material is temporarily stored

Receive and modify the material a little then shipped with vesicles to take material to final destinations

60
Q

What are the 3 vesicles used in the Golgi apparatus?

A

1) secretory vesicles
2) membrane-renewal vesicles
3) lysosomes

61
Q

What is a secretory vesicle?

A

Secretion involved in process

Fuses with cell membrane and dumps material out

62
Q

What is a membrane- renewal vesicle?

A

Packages phospholipid bilayer and proteins and bumps into cell membrane and becomes part of it

63
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Digestive enzymes

Digestion of things the cell (bacteria and other malfunctioning organelles that don’t work anymore) has and wants to break down

64
Q

Where does aerobic respiration, kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain take place?

A

Mitochondria (pl)
Mitochondrium (sg)

Where most ATP is produced

65
Q

Know what mitochondria looks like and what the parts are called

A

Cristae

Matrix

Outer membrane

Inner membrane

Inter membrane space

66
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Membranous

Only organelle large enough to see when microscope is stained

Where DNA is housed

Has:
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores

67
Q

What is a nuclear envelope in nucleus?

A

Membrane has double phospholipid bilayer

68
Q

What are nuclear pores in a nucleus?

A

Proteins that allow things in and out

69
Q

Cytosol (liquid) + organelle = ?

A

Cytoplasm (liquid with organelle)

70
Q

What is the nucleoplasm?

A

Liquid inside nucleus

71
Q

Are there chromosomes in nucleus?

When can you see them?

A

Yes

Only visible when cell is about to divide

72
Q

What is a chromatin?

A

Material of chromosome

DNA + protein

73
Q

What is a centromere?

A

Dot on chromatin

74
Q

What is a centriole?

A

Membranous or non membranous

Produces microtubular (non membranous)

Has phospholipid bilayer (membranous)

Has centrosome

75
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

Two centriole organelle combined together to form a single structure

76
Q

What is the nucleoli?

A

Nucleous (sg)

Ribosomes are being produced here

Dark spots in nucleus

77
Q

What are the 3 cellular junctions (specialized connections between the cells)?

A

1) tight junction
2) anchoring junction or desmoses
3) gap junction

78
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

Interlocking proteins

Like a zipper between cells

Used to create cell membrane that things can’t easily go through

79
Q

What is an anchoring junction or desmoses?

A

Velcro

Has cell adhesion molecules (CAM’s)—- like Velcro material

Has basement membrane—underlying floor like structure

80
Q

What is a gap junction?

A

Specialized protein molecules with tunnels

Allows free movement between cells

In cardiac muscle
——intercalated discs
——charged ions moving roughly like electric current

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (28 decks)

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