Week 10 (exam 3) Flashcards
What happens between the axon terminal branch and dendrites?
- Ca voltage ion channels open up
- neurotransmitters diffuses in synaptic cleft
- act as ligand summer that attach to receptor proteins and opens chemically regulates ion channels
What 2 cells can postsynaptic cells become?
1) excitation- another action potential can occur
2) inhibition- less likely action potential will occur
Whaat happens when postsynaptic cells become excited?
Chemically regulated sodium channels
Enters cell
Begins to depolarize
What happens when the postsynaptic cells become inhibited?
Chemically regulates potassium channels
Leave the cell
Lots of positive charges makes postsynaptic cell hyperpolarizes
What does the postsynaptic cell depend on if it’s excited or inhibited?
The Receptor proteins present
What is an axon hillock?
Thickened portion of axon
The trigger zone the first place we encounter voltage gated ion channels
Only place can trigger another action potential after action potential
What does mylin do for the process of nerve transmission?
Sets off the skipping down axon- saltatory propagation
What is the charge called when the cell is excited?
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
Sodium channels open
What is the charge called when the cells are inhibited?
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
Potassium channels opening
Where does the axon hillock have to reach to get an action potential?
Threshold
What is the excitation and inhibition combination (adding them up together) equal?
Summation
What are the 2 kinds of summations?
1) Temporal Summation
2) Spatial Summation
What is temporal summation?
Summation that occurs over time
What is spatial summation?
Connection of the cells with many other cells
What depends on nerve signals being stronger or weaker?
How many neurotransmitters are released as in how many action potentials there are
What are the 5 different neurotransmitters?
1) Acetylcholine (ACh)
2) epinephrine/ norepinephrine (adrenaline/ noradrenaline)
3) Serotonin (brain)
4) dopamine (brain)
5) Gama-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) (brain)
Where is Acetylcholine (ACh) found?
In neuromuscular junction (nerves connect to muscle)
Autonomic nervous system
In brain
Where is epinephrin/ norepinephrine or adrenaline/ noradrenaline found?
In sympathetic nervous system
In brain
When transmissions are sent to the next cell is the connection immediately cut off?
Yes
What are the 2 ways communication is cut in synapses?
1) Cholinergic synapses
2) Adrenergic synapses
What is cholinergic?
ACh is the neurotransmitter
Goes across cleft sends signals
Enzyme destroys signals so it waking keep sending
What is the enzyme used to destroy signals in cholinergic?
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
What is adrenergic?
After neurotransmitter is sent it is sent back in axon bulbs
What are the different glial cells or neuroglia?
Schwann cells or neurolemmocyte (PNS)
Satellite cells (PNS)
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Astrocytes (CNS)
Microglia (CNS)
Ependymal cells (CNS)
What are schwann cells?
Provide myelin sheathing in PNS
cell that had cytoplasm squished out
What are satellite cells?
Found in ganglia (thickening of the nerve because of lots of nerve cell bodies)
Physically supporting cell bodies (keeping them in place)
What are oligodendrocytes?
CNS of Schwann cells in PNS
Provide myelin sheathing in CNS
can provide myelin coating in several nearby axons
Provide white matter
What are astrocytes?
Cells that have a star shape
Has a foot process that wraps microscopic blood vessels (capillaries)
What is a foot process?
Releases chemicals and form capillaries to form tight junctions between themselves
What is a tight junction?
No leaks
Nothing can get through
Zipped together
Forms barrier between brain and brain tissue (blood brain barrier)
What is the blood brain barrier?
Barrier between brain and brain tissue
What is the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)?
Liquid that brings nutrients and O2 to cells and takes away waste
ventricles and meninges
What is microglia cells?
Clean up crew
Mobile cells that go through brain and spinal cord eating dead material and invaders
What are ependymal cells?
Cells that line central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain
Choroid plexus
In spinal cord microscope slide
What is the central nervous system (CNS)?
Brain and spinal cord
Part of nervous system protected by pony covering
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Everything else
Part that extends out of bony protection
Can be divided into sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
What are the 2 categories sensory and motor can be divided into?
1) somatic- skin and musculature
2) visceral- internal organs
What is somatic sensory?
Info from receptors in the skin
What is visceral sensory?
Coming from internal organs
May or may not be aware of it
What is somatic motor?
Nerves connected to muscles
Conscious movement
Single neuron running from spinal cord to muscle
What is the visceral motor or autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Motor commands going to various organs in your body
Divided into 2 categories
1) sympathetic- fight or flight
2) parasympathetic- rest of digest and sexual arousal
What is the filum terminale?
CT
Bottom of where spinal nerves end (after L1 or L2) to sacrum
What is the spinal nerves and filum terminale together?
Cauda Equina
What are the 3 ramus coming out of the spinal nerve?
Dorsal ramus
Ventral Ramus
Visceral ramus
For afferent signals where do the signals come from, from the dorsal, central and visceral ramus?
Dorsal- receiving somatic sensory info
Ventral- everything else (arms/ legs)
Visceral- all internal organs
For efferent signals where do the signals come from, from the dorsal and ventral ramus?
Dorsal- barrow strip on back
Ventral- Limbs and body walls
For visceral motor (autonomic) what does it look like?
Axon to ganglion (in the middle) to internal organ
Preganglionic neuron before ganglion and postganglionic neuron after ganglion
For parasympathetic nerves where is the ganglion?
Next to or in the organs
For sympathetic nerves where is the ganglion?
Further from organ near cerebral column
What is the collective nerves?
Where the nerves link together
What is the famous complex collective nerve?
Plexus
What is brachial plexus?
Motor output going to arms
What is the sympathetic division of ANS?
Location-Thoracolumnar
Nerve with ganglion then nerve again
What is the parasympathetic division of ANS?
Location-Claniosacral
3) Oculomotor
7) Facial
9) glossopharyngeal
10) vagus
Where is the sympathetic nerve located?
Thoracolumnar
Where is the sympathetic nerve physiological response?
Fight and flight
Where is the ganglion of the sympathetic nerve located?
Near spinal cord
What is the neurotransmitter of root ganglion neuron in sympathetic nerve?
Epinephrine/ norepinephrine
Adrenaline/ noradrenaline
What is the location of the parasympathetic nerve?
Craniosacral
What is the physiological response of the parasympathetic nerve?
Rest and digest
Sexual arousal
Where is the ganglion located in the parasympathetic nerve?
Near organ
What is the neurotransmitter of root ganglion neuron of the parasympathetic nerve?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
What is dorsal or posterior funiculus/ dorsal or posterior column?
Info going up in white matter
What is lateral funiculus or lateral column?
Info going both up and down in white matter
What is ventral or anterior funiculus/ ventral or anterior column?
Info going down in white matter
What do nissil bodies have?
Roughendoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes
