Week 3 Flashcards
What is the pH of 1.0 x 10 (-7)?
pH of 7
What is HCl?
Hydrochloric acid
What is NaOH?
Sodium hydroxide (base)
What is HOH?
Water or hydrogen hydroxide
What is 2 salts?
NaCl
Na(4)SO(4)
HCl + NaOH = ?
NaCl + H2O
What is the pH of human blood?
7.35-7.45
Slightly alkaline
What are buffers?
A chemical that is used to maintain a pH where you want it
Typically acid + base
Is a hydrogen ion reservoir
What is a hydrogen ion reservoir?
Stores hydrogen
If there’s not enough hydrogen the reservoir releases hydrogen
If there’s too many the reservoir collects the excess amounts
What is the buffer of the body?
H2CO3 ——> HCO3- + H+
If blood gets too acidic what happens?
There is too many hydrogen ions
The buffer takes H+ adds it to HCO3- and makes H2CO3
If blood gets to basic what happens?
Too little hydrogen
H2CO3 breaks into HCO3- + H+
What is organic chemistry?
Compounds based on elements of carbon
What are macromolecules?
Really large molecules that are similar but not exactly the same
Ex: a train but where each cart is something different
What are monomers?
Building blocks of macromolecules
What is a polymer?
All the building blocks of macromolecules
What does anabolic synthesis do to polymers?
Makes them
What does catabolic decomposition do to polymers?
Breaks them down to get monomers
What does dehydration synthesis do (anabolic)?
Adds polymers together when water molecules attach
Takes away the water molecules from each and polymers attach
What does hydrolysis decomposition (catabolic) do?
Breaks down polymer using water
What are the 4 major groups of molecules that are important for the body?
1) carbohydrates- starch and sugar
2) lipids- fats and things in fat group
3) proteins
4) nucleic acids- DNA
What are carbohydrates?
Starches and sugars
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2:1)
C-H bonds that represent energy and if broken energy is released
What are the 3 categories of carbohydrates?
1) monosaccharides- simple sugars
2) disaccharides- complex sugars
3) polysaccharides- starches and molecules similar to starches
What are monosaccharides?
All important source of energy
C6H12O6 (ring shaped)
What are the most important carbohydrates for human blood sugar and energy source?
Glucose
Fructose
Glactose
What are isomers?
Same molecular formula but different structural formula
Ex: glucose, fructose and glactose
What does 2 monosaccharides + dehydration (adding water) =?
Disaccharide
What does glucose + fructose = ?
Sucrose (sugar water)
What does glucose + glactose = ?
Lactose (milk sugar)
What does glucose + glucose = ?
Maltose
Can you use disaccharides as fuel?
No, you need hydrolysis to break it into a monosaccharide for fuel (need to be digested)
What is polysaccharides?
Dehydration synthesis over and over again
Used for storage
Ring after ring
What is amylose?
Long chain of glucose molecule
Energy not being planned on used anytime soon
Made out of plants
Humans don’t make it
What is glycogen?
Human version of starch
Takes short chains of glucose linking the chains together look like branches
2 major places in the body:
- liver
- muscles
Build with dehydration to store energy
To use need to do a hydrolysis decomposition
Do you have to break amylose to glucose to use?
Yes
Is starch a sugar?
Starch is chemically different from glucose (sugar)
What are lipids?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (occasionally but not usually)
What are triglycerides?
Fats
Energy storage molecules (C-H)
Looks like an “E”
G——-fatty acid L Y C E——— fatty acid R O L——— fatty acid
What are fatty acids?
Chain of carbons with a carbonyl group attached at the end
What is a carboxyl group?
Or carboxylic acid group
COOH
What are saturated fatty acids?
Carrying the maximal number of hydrogens possible
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | ——————
What are unsaturated fatty acids?
Carrying less than the maximal number of hydrogens possible because of double bonds between the carbons
The double bonds bend the molecule
|/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ | | |\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\ | | |/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/
What is polyunsaturated?
Many double bonds
Where do saturated and unsaturated fats come from?
Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
What is a Calorie?
Unit of energy
Each carbon hydrogen bond represents a calorie
And a calorie represents energy
More calories you take in and don’t use become fat
Saturated fats have more calories and maximum amount of energy
What is a kilocalorie?
1,000 calories
In fats
Kcal
What happens to saturated and unsaturated fats in room temperature?
Saturated fats:
- Become solids
- From animals
- Can pack them
Unsaturated fats:
- Become liquids
- From plants
- Can’t pack them together
- Known as oils
What is hydrogenated?
Break double bonds in unsaturated bonds and add hydrogen
Unsaturated to saturated
What is a trans arrangement?
Hydrogens on opposite sides of the molecule
H
|
C=C
|
H
What is a Cis arrangement?
Hydrogens the same side of molecule
H H
| |
C=C
What is adipocytes?
Cells that store triglycerides
Makes adipose tissue
What is adipose tissue?
Fat tissue
What does cytes mean?
Cells
What are Phospholipids?
Phosphate- G
L
Y
C———-fatty acid
E
R
O
L————fatty acid
Phosphate (O) is polar (attaches to water)
Hydrophilic
Fatty acids (squiggly lines) are nonpolar (repels water) Hydrophobic
What is Glycolipid?
Carbohydrate- G
L
Y
C———-fatty acid
E
R
O
L————fatty acid
Carbohydrate (Hexagon representing ring of carbons) is polar (attaches to water)
Hydrophilic
Fatty acids (squiggly lines) are nonpolar (repels water) Hydrophobic
What is a phospholipid bilayer?
Basic molecular structure of every cell membrane in your body
(2 rows of circles with squiggly lines and the squiggly lines are in the middle because they are nonpolar and the circles are polar)
What is a chemical signature?
The way every cell in your body looks like (mostly phospholipids with a glycolipid)
Immune system ignores these but if a foreign cell is introduced your immune system attacks
