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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pH of 1.0 x 10 (-7)?

A

pH of 7

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2
Q

What is HCl?

A

Hydrochloric acid

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3
Q

What is NaOH?

A

Sodium hydroxide (base)

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4
Q

What is HOH?

A

Water or hydrogen hydroxide

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5
Q

What is 2 salts?

A

NaCl

Na(4)SO(4)

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6
Q

HCl + NaOH = ?

A

NaCl + H2O

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7
Q

What is the pH of human blood?

A

7.35-7.45

Slightly alkaline

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8
Q

What are buffers?

A

A chemical that is used to maintain a pH where you want it

Typically acid + base

Is a hydrogen ion reservoir

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9
Q

What is a hydrogen ion reservoir?

A

Stores hydrogen

If there’s not enough hydrogen the reservoir releases hydrogen

If there’s too many the reservoir collects the excess amounts

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10
Q

What is the buffer of the body?

A

H2CO3 ——> HCO3- + H+

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11
Q

If blood gets too acidic what happens?

A

There is too many hydrogen ions

The buffer takes H+ adds it to HCO3- and makes H2CO3

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12
Q

If blood gets to basic what happens?

A

Too little hydrogen

H2CO3 breaks into HCO3- + H+

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13
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

Compounds based on elements of carbon

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14
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Really large molecules that are similar but not exactly the same

Ex: a train but where each cart is something different

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15
Q

What are monomers?

A

Building blocks of macromolecules

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16
Q

What is a polymer?

A

All the building blocks of macromolecules

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17
Q

What does anabolic synthesis do to polymers?

A

Makes them

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18
Q

What does catabolic decomposition do to polymers?

A

Breaks them down to get monomers

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19
Q

What does dehydration synthesis do (anabolic)?

A

Adds polymers together when water molecules attach

Takes away the water molecules from each and polymers attach

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20
Q

What does hydrolysis decomposition (catabolic) do?

A

Breaks down polymer using water

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21
Q

What are the 4 major groups of molecules that are important for the body?

A

1) carbohydrates- starch and sugar
2) lipids- fats and things in fat group
3) proteins
4) nucleic acids- DNA

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22
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Starches and sugars

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2:1)

C-H bonds that represent energy and if broken energy is released

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23
Q

What are the 3 categories of carbohydrates?

A

1) monosaccharides- simple sugars
2) disaccharides- complex sugars
3) polysaccharides- starches and molecules similar to starches

24
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

All important source of energy

C6H12O6 (ring shaped)

25
Q

What are the most important carbohydrates for human blood sugar and energy source?

A

Glucose

Fructose

Glactose

26
Q

What are isomers?

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

Ex: glucose, fructose and glactose

27
Q

What does 2 monosaccharides + dehydration (adding water) =?

A

Disaccharide

28
Q

What does glucose + fructose = ?

A

Sucrose (sugar water)

29
Q

What does glucose + glactose = ?

A

Lactose (milk sugar)

30
Q

What does glucose + glucose = ?

A

Maltose

31
Q

Can you use disaccharides as fuel?

A

No, you need hydrolysis to break it into a monosaccharide for fuel (need to be digested)

32
Q

What is polysaccharides?

A

Dehydration synthesis over and over again

Used for storage

Ring after ring

33
Q

What is amylose?

A

Long chain of glucose molecule

Energy not being planned on used anytime soon

Made out of plants

Humans don’t make it

34
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Human version of starch

Takes short chains of glucose linking the chains together look like branches

2 major places in the body:

  • liver
  • muscles

Build with dehydration to store energy

To use need to do a hydrolysis decomposition

35
Q

Do you have to break amylose to glucose to use?

A

Yes

36
Q

Is starch a sugar?

A

Starch is chemically different from glucose (sugar)

37
Q

What are lipids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (occasionally but not usually)

38
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Fats

Energy storage molecules (C-H)

Looks like an “E”

G——-fatty acid 
L
Y
C
E——— fatty acid
R
O
L——— fatty acid
39
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Chain of carbons with a carbonyl group attached at the end

40
Q

What is a carboxyl group?

A

Or carboxylic acid group

COOH

41
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

Carrying the maximal number of hydrogens possible

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
|
|
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
|
|
——————
42
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Carrying less than the maximal number of hydrogens possible because of double bonds between the carbons

The double bonds bend the molecule

|/\/\/\/\/\/\/\
|
|
|\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\
|
|
|/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/
43
Q

What is polyunsaturated?

A

Many double bonds

44
Q

Where do saturated and unsaturated fats come from?

A

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

45
Q

What is a Calorie?

A

Unit of energy

Each carbon hydrogen bond represents a calorie

And a calorie represents energy

More calories you take in and don’t use become fat

Saturated fats have more calories and maximum amount of energy

46
Q

What is a kilocalorie?

A

1,000 calories

In fats

Kcal

47
Q

What happens to saturated and unsaturated fats in room temperature?

A

Saturated fats:

  • Become solids
  • From animals
  • Can pack them

Unsaturated fats:

  • Become liquids
  • From plants
  • Can’t pack them together
  • Known as oils
48
Q

What is hydrogenated?

A

Break double bonds in unsaturated bonds and add hydrogen

Unsaturated to saturated

49
Q

What is a trans arrangement?

A

Hydrogens on opposite sides of the molecule

H
|
C=C
      |
      H
50
Q

What is a Cis arrangement?

A

Hydrogens the same side of molecule

H H
| |
C=C

51
Q

What is adipocytes?

A

Cells that store triglycerides

Makes adipose tissue

52
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

Fat tissue

53
Q

What does cytes mean?

A

Cells

54
Q

What are Phospholipids?

A 
Phosphate- G
                      L
                      Y
                      C———-fatty acid 
                      E
                      R
                      O
                       L————fatty acid

Phosphate (O) is polar (attaches to water)
Hydrophilic

Fatty acids (squiggly lines) are nonpolar (repels water)
Hydrophobic
55
Q

What is Glycolipid?

A 
Carbohydrate- G
                           L
                           Y
                           C———-fatty acid 
                           E
                           R
                           O
                           L————fatty acid

Carbohydrate (Hexagon representing ring of carbons) is polar (attaches to water)
Hydrophilic

Fatty acids (squiggly lines) are nonpolar (repels water)
Hydrophobic
56
Q

What is a phospholipid bilayer?

A

Basic molecular structure of every cell membrane in your body

(2 rows of circles with squiggly lines and the squiggly lines are in the middle because they are nonpolar and the circles are polar)

57
Q

What is a chemical signature?

A

The way every cell in your body looks like (mostly phospholipids with a glycolipid)

Immune system ignores these but if a foreign cell is introduced your immune system attacks

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (28 decks)

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