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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Week 7 (exam 2) > Flashcards

Week 7 (exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 basic processes of the cell life cycle or cell cycle and explain them

A

1) cell division- single cell splitting into 2 identical daughter cells
2) Apoptosis- natural cellular death

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2
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Division of nucleus and the chromosomes the nucleus contains

Used to mean cell division

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3
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

When cell splits into daughter cells

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4
Q

What are the 4 events of the cell cycle?

A

1) M phase or Mitotic
2) G1
3) S
4) G2

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5
Q

What is the M phase or Mitotic of the cell cycle?

A

Cell division

Daughter cells double numbers of organelles (mitochondria, nucleus, etc) to bring back to correct number and accumulate materials needed

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6
Q

What is the G1 phase of the dell cycle?

A

To copy DNA

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7
Q

What cells are too large and complex, stop at G1 phase and are described as perpetual (G0)?

A

Neurons (nerve cells) and skeletal muscle cells

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8
Q

What is perpetual mean?

A

Go on forever

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9
Q

What is the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

DNA is copied

Not visible under microscope

Semiconservative synthesis of DNA

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10
Q

What is semiconservative synthesis of DNA mean?

A

Duplicate of DNA

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11
Q

Genetically identical cells are called what?

A

Daughter cells Or Clones

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12
Q

Before mitosis or m phase finishes what happens?

A

Cytokinesis

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13
Q

What stages of the events in a cell cycle are called interphase and why?

A

G1, S and G2

Not much visibly seen under microscope

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14
Q

What helps the process of mitosis or m phase?

A

Chemical signals inside and outside the cell

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15
Q

What is a checkpoint?

A

Built in the cell cycle to stop cycle if something that needed to be accomplished is not

Cycle has to happen in orderly fashion and not too quickly

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16
Q

What does the checkpoint in the middle of the M phase do?

A

If chromosomes are not properly aligned the checkpoint holds everything until the chromosomes are properly aligned

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17
Q

What does the checkpoint in phase G1 do?

A

Cell examines DNA to make sure it is not damaged

If there is damage (mutations) the cell attempts to repair to DNA if cannot be repaired cell initiates apoptosis

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18
Q

What is the G2 phase of the fell cycle?

A

Getting ready for another cell division (M phase)

Gathering material

Use microtubules so you have to accumulate tubulin protein

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19
Q

What is p53?

A

Protein responsible for checkpoint in G1

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20
Q

What happens if p53 is unable to be produced?

A

Without p53 checkpoint in G1 disappears

That means cycle will continue even if DNA isn’t copied correctly

How rumors appear in people because a genetic mutation appears

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21
Q

What does prophase do?

A

Beginning of prophase chromosome condense together and starts to look like big butterfly, little butterfly or house fly

Nuclear envelopes break down

Chromosomes move to middle of cell

Centrioles (2) move polar ways and create spindle

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22
Q

What is polar?

A

Centrioles move in opposite directions on the side of the cell

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23
Q

What happens during the metaphase stage?

A

The chromosomes align along imaginary midline of the cell (metaphase plate)

Centrioles are now on the opposite sides of the cell

Chromosomes attach to spindle by centromeres (dot in chromosome)

Spindle passes through line of chromosomes

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24
Q

What is the metaphase plate in metaphase?

A

Imaginary midline between the cell

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25
Q

What happens during the anaphase stage?

A

Chromosome break in half and follow microtubulles rapidly moving to opposite sides

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26
Q

What are the daughter cells called when split in half and move in opposite direction?

A

Daughter chromosome

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27
Q

What happens during the telophase stage?

A

Begins: all motion stops

Chromosomes reach destination (opposite sides of cells) (polar)

Cytokinesis happens
(Can see in microscope)

When cell splits each one gets same stuff

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28
Q

What is the cytokinesis cleavage furrow?

A

The dent between cell that deepens as cell splits

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29
Q

What are the 4 basic kinds of tissues?

A

1) Epithelium
2) connective tissue (CT)
3) muscle
4) nerve

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30
Q

What is epithelium tissue?

A

Forms membranes and glands

Membranes:

  • Protect deeper structure in the body and/ or interface between the body and outside world
  • Covering
  • Ex: interface in lungs
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31
Q

What are the layers of epithelium and explain

A

1) simple- one layer
2) stratified- multiple layers
3) pseudostratified- one layer but looks like many

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32
Q

What does the checkpoint at the end of phase G2 do?

A

Stops cycle until DNA finishes copying itself

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33
Q

What are the stages of M phase or Mitosis?

A

1) Prophase
2) Metaphase
3) Anaphase
4) Telophase

PMAT

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34
Q

What are the shapes of epithelium tissue and explain

A

1) squamous- rectangle
2) cuboidal- square shape
3) columnar- night greater than width (rectangle standing up)

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35
Q

What is the apical surface?

A

Upper surface of the cell

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36
Q

What is the basement membrane or Basal Camina?

A

Bottom layer of cell separating Epithelium tissue and CT

Need anchoring junction or desmoses to attach

37
Q

How are glands formed?

A

Form from unfolding (pockets) in epithelium

38
Q

What is a gland with a duct called?

A

Exocrine Gland

39
Q

What is a gland without a duct called and what does it release?

A

Endocrine Gland

Release secretions (hormones) in blood

40
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers

41
Q

What are 3 modes of secretion of the exocrine gland (how gland secretes)?

A

1) Merocrine (most common)
2) Apocrine
3) Holocrine

42
Q

What is merocrine secretion?

A

Secret materials using secretory vesicles that migrate to the cell membrane

Ex: sweat glands

43
Q

Mucin + water = ?

A

Mucus

44
Q

What is Apocrine secretion?

A

Top part of gland dumps all materials out and disappears

Ex: mammory glands- glands that produce milk

45
Q

What is holocrine secretion?

A

The whole cell is packed with secretory vesicles and whole cell blows out letting all material out (huge quantity)

Ex: sebaceous gland- oily glands of hair

46
Q

What do the glands secrete and explain?

A

1) serous glands- watery liquid often containing enzymes
2) mucous gland- secrete mucin

3) mixed exocrine secretion-
Produce both
1 secrets mucin other serous

47
Q

How is the gland built (what does it look like)?

A

1) unicellular

2) multicellular

48
Q

What is unicellular?

A

Consists of only one cell

Goblet cells (only kind in body)- produces mucus
in digestive tract
49
Q

What is multicellular?

A

Consists of multiple cells

Secretory sheet- unmodified membrane

Outpocketings from membrane (classical kind)

50
Q

What are the 3 characteristics used to describe glands that form from ourpocketing?

A

1) shape of the secretory portion of the gland
2) structure if the duct
3) relationship between ducts and the glandular areas

51
Q

What is the glandular areas?

A

Part of gland that actually does the secreting

52
Q

What are the 2 basic kind of shapes of glands?

A

1) longated and tubular

2) round Alveolar or Acinar

53
Q

What are the 2 structures of the ducts?

A

1) simple (one duct)

2) compounded (one duct divided into many)

54
Q

What is the relationship between the ducts an glands?

A

Branched- share one duct with glandular areas sharing

55
Q

What are the simple tubular shapes of glands?

A

1) simple tubular (longated duct)
2) simple coiled tubular (gland looks like spiral)
3) simple branches tubular (longated glands sharing one duct)

56
Q

What are the simple alveolar or acinar shapes of the glands?

A

1) simple alveolar or simple acinar (circle gland)

2) simple branched alveolar or simple branched acinar (circle glands sharing one duct)

57
Q

What are the compound shape glands?

A

1) compound tubular (longated glands divided into different ducts)
2) compound alveolar or compound acinar (circle glands divided into different ducts)

58
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

All consist of sparsely distributes fella living with non living stuff (matrix- solid, semisolid, liquid)

59
Q

What are the 3 types of CT?

A

1) CT proper
2) supporting CT
3) fluid CT

60
Q

What are the 2 kinds of CT proper?

A

1) loose- fluid matrix

2) dense- little or no fluid and mostly collagen
- can be irregular or regular

61
Q

What are the 2 kinds of loose CT proper and explain them

A

1) Areolar:
- classic kind
- matrix is liquid with cross crossing fiber
- binds everything together under skin

2) Adipose:
- fat tissue
- adipocytes (fat cells)
- can’t spot nucleus if it is on the side
- store triglycerides
- criss crossing protein fibers

62
Q

What is collagenous tissue?

A

Formed with collagen

63
Q

What are the 2 kinds of regular dense CT proper and explain

A

1) Tendon- muscle to bone
2) ligaments- bone to bone

Both rope like structure

64
Q

What are the 2 kinds of irregular dense CT proper and explain

A

1) sheath-
- Ex: periosteum and perichondrium (sheath around cartilage)

2) capsules- joint capsules (synouvial joint)

65
Q

What are the 3 kinds of protein fibers in CT proper?

A

1) collagen
2) elastic fibers
3) reticular fibers

66
Q

What is collagen?

A

Very common

Long and do not branch

Incredible tensile strength (greater than steel)

67
Q

What is tensile strength?

A

Resist breaking when pulled on by opposite ends

68
Q

What are elastic fibers?

A

Composed of elastin protein

Branched

Exhibit elasticity

69
Q

What is elasticity?

A

Returns to original shape after you stretch it

Ex: rubber band, skin

70
Q

What are reticular fibers?

A

Form a network (fisherman net)

Resist pulling from any direction and resists breaking

72
Q

What are the 2 basic kinds of fat (adipose) and explain

A

1) yellow or white:
- most fat of human body
- white fat when you’re young turns to yellow as you get older
- major energy storing tissues (store triglycerides)
- keeps body warm
- acts as cushion
- under skin

2) brown fat:
- newborn babies have a lot
- brown color
- maintains body heat
- lot of metabolism going on and has a lot of heat
- metabolic process is aerobic respiration
- generates heat

73
Q

What are the 2 reason brown fat is brown?

A

1) Cytochrome pigments- part of electron transport chain

2) Vascularized- equipped with blood vessels (blood gives brown color)

74
Q

What does supporting CT do and what are the 2 kinds?

A

Supports framework for the body (forms skeleton)

1) cartilage- semisolid matrix
2) bone- solid matrix

75
Q

What is translucent?

A

The matrix of cartilage

Allows light to pass through but you can’t see through it

Fairly flexible

Interlaces with protein fibers mostly collagen

76
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

Cartilage cells that are living and need nutrients and has waste

O2 and Nutrients are diffused in
Waste is diffused out

77
Q

What are the chambers the cells live in?

A

Lacunae

78
Q

What is the anti angiogenesis factor in cartilage?

A

Chemical secreted by chondrocytes that prevent blood vessels from developing

Lack of blood vessels means hard recovery when damaging a cartilage

A cancer treatment

79
Q

What are the different kinds of cartilage?

A

1) Hyaline cartilage- most of our body
2) Fibro cartilage
3) elastic cartilage
4) calcified cartilage

80
Q

What is fibro cartilage?

A

Reinforced with extra collagen fiber

Fibers go in same direction

Layer look

Resists compression

Ex: pubis symphysis

81
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

Numerous elastic fibers

Very flexible but returns to original size and place

Seen in Pinna (ear and nose)

82
Q

What is calcified cartilage?

A

Only found in human body when cartilage dies and transforms into bone

Lots of calcium salt (cement like material) deposited in matrix

Shuts down diffusion and cells die

83
Q

Bone has a matrix of cement made of material mostly in calcium phosphate interlaced with collagen. What is this material called?

A

Hydroxyapatite

84
Q

What are osteocytes and what are the chambers they live in called?

A

Bone cells

Lacunae

85
Q

What are the rings in bone called?

A

Lamella

86
Q

What is a Haversian canal or central canal?

A

Any of the minute tubes that form a network in bone and contain blood vessels

87
Q

What is an osteons or haversian system?

A

Cylinder structure that contain osteocytes connected by canaliculi which transport blood

90
Q

Thick bone consists of many what?

A

Osteons or Haverison systems

93
Q

The 3 kinds of protein fibers are secreted by specialized cells called?

A

Fibroblasts

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (28 decks)

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