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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

If there is a low pH is there more or less hydrogen?

A

More

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2
Q

If there is a high pH is there more or less hydrogen?

A

Less

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3
Q

What is the pH formula?

A

-log[H+]

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4
Q

What is the structural formula of water and where does the positive and negative deltas go?

A

H-O
|
H

Delta positive in between the hydrogens

Delta negative by oxygen

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5
Q

What is the H2CO3 stand for in H2CO3——->HCO3- + H+ ?

A

Carbonic acid

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6
Q

What is the HCO3- stand for in H2CO3——>HCO3- + H+ ?

A

Bicarbonate (base)

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7
Q

What is a steroid and what does it consist of?

A

It’s a hormone

Consists of 4 fused carbon rings

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8
Q

Virtually all enzymes are proteins?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What is fiburous proteins?

A

They create structure in human body (build things)

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10
Q

What is the monomer of the protein group?

A

Amino acids

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11
Q

What is NH2?

A

Amino group

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12
Q

What determines which amino acid is being drawn out of the 20?

A

R- the side group

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13
Q

2 amino acids linked together is called a what?

A

Peptide

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14
Q

What is the new amino acid bond called and what is the characteristics of it?

A

Peptide bond

Had characteristics of double bond

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15
Q

When amino acids keep linking to one another what is it called?

A

Polypeptide chain (basis of protein)

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16
Q

How many polypeptide chains are needed to form a protein?

A

1 or more

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17
Q

What are the 4 levels of structure of a protein molecule?

A

1) primary
2) secondary
3) tertiary
4) quaternary

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18
Q

All proteins have which levels of structure?

A

1) primary
2) secondary
3) tertiary

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19
Q

What is the primary structure?

A

Simplest structure

It is the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

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20
Q

What is the secondary structure?

A

When some amino acids are polar and they attach to one another like a magnet

Looks like a slinky
Or
Squiggles/ arrows

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21
Q

What is the slinky secondary structure called?

A

Alpha Helix

α Helix

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22
Q

What is the squiggle or arrows secondary structure called?

A

Beta Pleated Sheet

Βeta Pleated Sheet

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23
Q

What are motifs?

A

The shapes the secondary level forms

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

Form because they’re polar

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24
Q

What is the tertiary structure?

A

Putting all motifs (shapes of secondary structure) together

Like a big knot

All proteins have this structure

Each one is a subunit

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25
Q

What is the quaternary structure?

A

Different polypeptides put together

More than one tertiary structure out together

More than one subunit

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26
Q

What is a subunit?

A

Each knot from the tertiary structure

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27
Q

What are the 2 general forms protein takes and what are they?

A

1) fibrous protein- formed of strands and parts of your body is built of this

2) globular- compacted and rounded shapes
Enzymes and hormones that are proteins have this shape

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28
Q

Proteins don’t like when you mess with the environment by…?

A

Changing the

1) pH
2) temperature
3) ionic concentration

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29
Q

If the protein environment changes what will happen to the protein?

A

If it is changed tremendously the protein will stop working, change can shape, can unravel

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30
Q

What is the pH optimum or optimal pH?

A

pH proteins work best at

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31
Q

What is the temperature optimum or optimal temperature?

A

Temperature proteins work best at

33
Q

What is a denatured protein?

A

Permanently destroyed protein

Protein unravels and will never work again

34
Q

What are the 2 basic kinds of nucleic acids?

A

1) DNA

2) RNA

35
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

36
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic Acid

37
Q

What is the monomers of the nucleic acid group?

A

Nucleotides

38
Q

What does the structure of nucleotides have?

A

5 carbon sugars in the center—spine
Phosphate————————spine
Nitrogenous base

39
Q

What is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)?

A

The energy cells use

Energy currency of the cell

40
Q

When the last phosphate of the ATP molecule is blown off what does the molecule become?

A

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

41
Q

What does Pi stand for?

A

Inorganic Phosphate

42
Q

What are the 2 basic types of nitrogenous base?

A

Purines

Pyrimidines

43
Q

What does purines consist of?

A

Adenine (A)

Guamine (G)

44
Q

What does Pyrimidines consist of?

A

Cytosine (C)

Thymine (T)—IN DNA ONLY

Uracil (U)—IN RNA ONLY

45
Q

What are the 3 basic types of RNA?

A

1) Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
3) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

46
Q

What is the complementary based pair in RNA?

A

A-U

47
Q

What are the complementary based pairs in DNA?

A

G-C

A-T

48
Q

What are complementary based pairs made of?

A

Purine-Pyrimidines

49
Q

What is the dissociation of a protein?

A

Occurs in the quaternary structure

Subunits come apart but DO NOT unravel

Can be repaired

50
Q

In order to function the DNA molecule needs to be able to do what?

A

Make copies of itself

51
Q

What does DNA give you?

A

You’re genetic code

52
Q

What is a daughter cell?

A

They are genetically identical clones of a molecule

53
Q

What is the Seniconservative Synthesis/ Duplication of DNA?

A

When DNA is duplicated

54
Q

What is a ribozyme?

A

RNA acting as an enzyme

Made of RNA instead of protein

55
Q

What is the process of cellular respiration with oxygen called?

A

Aerobic Respiration

56
Q

What is the process called between glucose and pyruvic acid (pyruvate)?

A

Glycolysis- breaking sugar down

57
Q

How many ATPs do you start with?

A

4

58
Q

How many ATPs do you have left after glycolysis?

A

2

59
Q

After the Pyruvic acid what step is next?

A

Kreb’s cycle or citric acid cycle

60
Q

What happens in the kreb’s cycle or citric acid cycle?

A

Pyruvic acid—-> Acetyl CoA

Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate—> citrate—-> ——> ——> ——-> oxaloacetate

61
Q

What is CoA?

A

Coenzyme A

62
Q

What results out of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

2 more ATPs and the carbon dioxide you exhale

63
Q

What does NAD and FAD do?

A

They gather excited electrons into the electron transport chain

They are coenzymes

64
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Little partners that help assist the enzymes

65
Q

After the NAD and FAD harvest electrons what happens?

A

The electrons keep switching partners to something more and more electronegative

Until they go to the most electronegative thing which is oxygen

66
Q

What goes into the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen

Without oxygen the chain would shut down and would take the Kreb’s cycle with it

67
Q

What is the result of the electron transport chain?

A

H2O (waste)

34 ATPs

68
Q

The kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain happens where?

A

Mitochondria

69
Q

What is NADH and FADH?

A

NAD and FAD carrying excited electrons

To move an electron you need a proton and 1 proton and 1 electron is Hydrogen aka H

70
Q

What does NAD stand for?

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

71
Q

What does FAD stand for?

A

Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide

72
Q

What is the process of cell respiration without oxygen?

A

Anaerobic respiration or Fermentation

73
Q

Why do cells switch to anaerobic respiration or fermentation?

A

Because they are deprived of oxygen and when oxygen is available they switch back

74
Q

What does Pyruvic acid (pyruvate) become in the anaerobic respiration or fermentation process?

A

Lactic acid- waste product of this cycle

75
Q

Where does NAD/ NADH bring the excited electrons?

A

No place of use

76
Q

The anaerobic respiration or fermentation process is the top part of the aerobic respiration cycle with what added?

A

Carbon dioxide

77
Q

What type of microb does the process of fermentation and what do they make?

A

Yeast

Instead of making lactic acid they make ethanol of ethyl alcohol

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (28 decks)

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