Week 5 (exam 2) Flashcards
What is a gene?
Sequence of nucleotides that codes for a particular protein
What is a central dogma?
Important sequence
DNA———> RNA———> protein
What are ribosomes?
Machine that reads messenger RNA and constructs a protein one amino acid at a time
What is a nucleus?
Center of every cell
Keeps blueprints (DNA)
What is RNA?
Copy of DNA
Leaves nucleus
Finds ribosomes, reads it and produces proteins
What is a transcription?
Copying nucleotides of DNA using complementary based pairs
What is a triplet?
Code for amino acid (every 3 in DNA)
What is the start triplet?
Start of the gene where it starts copying
What is the stop triplet?
End of the gene where it stops copying
What is the RNA polymerase?
It grabs the promoter than reads one nucleotide at a time making a copy of it
Grabs DNA to make messenger RNA
What is the promoter?
The machine that attaches itself into the gene
What is the active promoter?
Promoter that makes many copies
What is messenger RNA?
Complementary copy from DNA
What is a condon?
3 nucleotide amino acids for RNA
What brings the amino acid to the ribosome?
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
What is an anticodon?
It is the complimentary base pairs of the codon that is the complimentary base pair of the original DNA
Ex: DNA————> A G C
Codon———> U C G
Anticodon—-> A G C
What is the release factors?
Causes ribosome machine to dissemble itself and cut chain loose and becomes a knot
A long chain of amino acids become what?
A protein
What is a polyribosome?
Many ribosomes on a strip
What are cells?
Basic units of life
Smallest thing considered to be alive
What is a cell theory?
Basic understanding of the cell tested and examined
What does a theory mean in science?
Idea that is expected with a high degree of certainty
What is a hypothesis?
Someone’s guess or idea
Gets tested
What are the 5 principles (tenets) of cells?
1) cells are the basic building blocks of life
2) all cells arise from the division of other cells or all cells are the descendants of other cells (daughter cells)
3) cells are the smallest things to perform all vital physiological functions
4) each cell maintains its own homeostasis
5) homeostasis at higher levels (tissue, organs, organ system, or entire organism) reflects the combined actions of many cells
Name the 2 basic cells every human body has and what are they?
1) sex cells or reproductive cells or germ cells or Gametes- sperm in male and ova/ egg in women
2) somatic cells- every other cells in our body
What is the extracellular fluid?
Fluid outside of the cell
What is Tissue or Interstitial fluid?
Fluid around the tissue
What does the cell membrane or plasma membrane do?
It separates the outside and inside fluid
Structure is the phospholipid bilayer
What is a cytosal?
Water based solution in which organelles, proteins and other cell structures float
What is the slower promoter?
Less active
Makes copies but a lot slower
What are in cytosals?
Organelles
Organelle + cytosol = ?
Cytoplasm
What is cytoplasm?
Consists of all the contents outside of the nucleus and is enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell
What is the cell membrane made up of?
Phospholipid bilayer with proteins
What is a peripheral protein?
Restricted to one side of a phospholipid bilayer
Can be removed
Constantly moving
What is a integral protein?
Protein goes through both sides of phospholipid bilayer
Remove the protein and you destroy the cell membrane
Constantly moving
What is the fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane?
All pieces of phospholipid bilayer and proteins that float around
What is a cytoskeleton?
Fibers of protein that act like a skeleton
What is an organelle?
Organ like structure
Does particular function
Name the 6 different types of proteins in the phospholipid bilayer
1) anchoring proteins
2) recognition proteins
3) enzymes
4) receptor proteins (receptors)
5) channels
6) carrier proteins
What is an anchoring protein?
Holds cytoskeleton elements to hold shape on the inside of the cell
On the outside it is used to link cells to neighbors
What is a recognition protein?
Form chemical signatures
Another part of a chemical signature
Glycolipid + recognition proteins = chemical signature
Helps body recognize your cells
What are enzymes?
Biological catalyst
Inside or outside the cells that mediates reactions embedded in the membrane
What are receptor proteins?
Sensitive to extracellular chemicals
If it binds to a receptor it causes something to happen in the cell
As in a ligand (neurotransmitters)
What is a ligand?
Molecule that binds to receptors
Ex: neurotransmitters
What is a channel protein?
Ion channels- goes down the concentration gradient
Selective what they transport
Channel=tunnel
Integral protein
What is the carrier protein?
Certain things cannot get through phospholipid bilayer by themselves have to attach to receptor proteins (changes its shape) and then can go through
What is semipermeable or differentially permeable?
Certain things will go through the cell membrane other things will not
What is passive transport?
Energy is not required to move things through the cell because it goes down the concentration gradient
What is active transport?
Energy (ATP) is required to move things through the cell membrane because it is going against the concentration gradient
What uses passive transport?
Diffusion
Ion channels
Facilitated diffusion/ transport
What uses active transport?
Active transport “proper”
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
What is selectively permeable?
The cell chooses what goes through it’s cell membrane
