Week 2 Flashcards
What are ions?
Atoms that has a charge
What is a cation?
Example
Positive ions by removing the electrons
Hydrogen (H+)
Calcium (Ca+2)
What is an anion?
Example
Negative charged ion
Chloride ion (Cl-)
What is a molecule?
2 or more atoms stuck together by chemical bonds
Group of atoms held together by energy and it is stable
What is a hydroxide ion (OH)?
Oxygen and hydrogen with a negative charge
What holds an electron apart from a proton?
Energy
The further away you go the more energy you need
Electrons at the same distance takes the same amount of energy
What are energy levels or energy shells?
Electrons have certain discrete positions where you will find them
What are the energy levels and how many electrons can they have?
K- 2
L- 8
M- 8
If the outer energy level is not filled is it stable?
No it is unstable
In order for an atom to be stable you have to fill the outer energy level
What is inert?
Super stable atom that will not undergo chemical reactions
What is a valence level?
What happens if you fill it?
Or if you don’t?
Outermost energy level
Becomes inert
If you have 1 or 2 electrons it becomes reactive
What is a compound?
A molecule of more than one kind of atom
What are atoms held together by?
Chemical bonds
What are ionic bonds?
Opposite charges sticking together
Ex: NaCl (table salt)
What is the step called when one electron jumps from one atom to another?
Oxidation
What are examples of structural formulas and what do they show?
H-H
O=O
What is connected and how
What are examples of molecular formulas and what do they show?
H2
O2
N2
H2O
What atoms are present and how many
What is a chemical reaction?
Break and formation of new bonds
Start and end with the same amount of atoms
What are reactants?
Whatever atoms or molecules you start with
What are products?
Whatever you end up with
What are the 3 types of chemical reactions?
1) decomposition reaction
2) synthesis reaction
3) exchange reaction
What is decomposition reaction?
Breaking something down
What is catabolic reaction or catabolism?
Highly complex decomposition reaction in the human body
Uses hydrolysis
What is hydrolysis?
Breaking with water
What does lyse or lysis mean?
Break apart
What is synthesis reaction?
Build or create something
What is anabolic reaction or anabolism?
Complex synthesis reaction in the human body
Uses dehydration
What is dehydration or condensation?
Removing water from something
What is metabolism?
All the chemical reactions that occur inside you
Catabolic + anabolic
What is exchange reaction?
Breaks bonds and atoms exchange partners
Are many chemical reactions reversible?
Yes but not all easily reversed
What is equilibrium?
2 reactions (synthesis and decomposition) happening at the same rate
What are the 3 things that affect the rate of a reaction and how?
1) temperature
Reaction goes faster when heated and slower when cooled
2) concentrations- how much material we have
Raise concentrations it fastens the reaction and drop concentrations reaction slows down
3) catalyst- chemicals that help reactions take place
Always speeds up reaction
What are enzymes?
Biological catalyst
Catalyst used in living things make reactions act quickly with body temp (no heat needed)
What are enzymes considered?
Proteins
What are chemical pathways?
Endless chemical reactions
Without enzymes they would not happen fast enough to keep us alive
What is a covalent bond?
Sharing electrons in the valence or outermost energy level
What is a polar molecule?
Has 2 poles like a magnet
+ -
Anything polar acts like magnets and attaches to water
What is a polar covalent bond?
Water bonds
What is a hydrogen bond?
Very weak bonds when water molecules attach together and doesn’t last long
What is electronegative?
When something attracts electrons
Ex: water
What is surface tension?
The phenomenon caused by hydrogen bonding (they stick together causing tension)
What is hydrophilic?
Anything what likes water, attaches to water, dissolves in water
What is hydrophobic?
Non polar substances
Repelled to water
Oil
What is a solvent?
The thing that does the dissolving
What is solute?
The thing that dissolves
What is ionization?
Process that breaks down water
What is a mole?
A large number to say how much atoms you want
6.023 x 10(23)
Can convert daltons to grams
How they come up with pH
What do acids do?
Release hydrogen which ends up with more hydrogen
What do bases do?
Take away hydrogens which leaves less hydrogen
What does dissociate mean?
Comes apart
Which acids dissociate?
Strong acids
Weak acids dissociate a little
What is salt?
Ionic compound consisting of any cation except hydrogen (H) and any anion except hydroxide (OH)
What does an acid plus a base equal?
Salt in water
What is an electrolyte?
Soluble (dissolvable) molecules and will break apart into ions and the ions will conduct an electric current
Ex: salt
What molecules does electrolytes give?
Na+ (sodium)
K+ (potassium)
Cl- (chloride)
Ca+2 (calcium)
Magical ions of physiology
