Walking & Posture Flashcards
how does is weight distributed in after going through verterbral body? [3]
what specifically enables use to undetake bipedal standing & walking more efficient? [1]
how does is weight distributed in after going through verterbral body?
•Weight of upper body transmitted centrally through vertebral column (1)
•Ilium transfers weight to femurs (2-3)
•Pubic rami form ‘struts’ or braces that maintain integrity of arch (4)
what specifically enables use to undetake bipedal standing & walking more efficient? [1]
Diagonal angle of femurs re-centres support directly under the body to make bipedal standing more efficient and to help walking. Quadripeds require simultaneous support from both sides.
how do we stand, when at rest?
where is the centre of pressure? [4]
- Standing at rest, feet slightly apart
- Hip and knee extended (most stable position)
•Centre of pressure is:
–in front of ankle / talus
–just in front of knee
–just behind hip
–just behind ear
which muscles contract when you start locomotion / take step forward? [2]
which muscles contract to ensure this occurs without dying? [3]
which muscles contract when you start locomotion / take step forward?
muscles around hip of supporting leg become active ensure that
- **move body weigh over supporting leg
- prevents pelvis from dropping on unsupported side**
which muscles contract to ensure this occurs without dying? [3]
hip abductors
lateral flexors of column
evertors & inverters of foot (to balance leg)
when locomoting:
which muscles prevent the pelvis dropping to the unsupported side? [1]
which muscles help to move the body weight? [1]
what three things causes pelvis to drop on the unsupported side? [3]
when locomoting:
which muscles prevent the pelvis dropping to the unsupported side: hip abductors (gluteus minimus & medius)
which muscles help to move the body weight: hip adductors
what three things causes pelvis to drop on the unsupported side? [3]
–Hip abductors weak on supporting side
–Fracture of neck of the femur, or greater trochanter
–Dislocation of femoral head
what is trendelenburg’s sign? [1]
what is definition of walking? [1]
what is the major propelling force used to walk? [1]
what is definition of walking? [1]
•One foot always in contact with ground
what is the major propelling force used to walk? [1]
•Major force propelling body in walking, falling forward
explain each phase of walking xox
Stance Phase
•Begins with heel strike, ends when toe leaves ground
•60% of cycle
•5 segments / phases:
i) Initial contact (Heel strike) - Foot inverted and dorsiflexed as heel makes contact on lateral side
ii) Loading response (flat foot) - Foot brought into full contact, ankle rocker action begins
iii) Midstance - Body weight brought over planted foot
iv) Terminal stance (heel off) - Heel lifted off ground (foot everted and plantar flexed). Body weight advances ahead of single-supporting foot
v) Preswing (toe off) - Lower limb positioned to quickly swing forward beneath body, transfer of weight from one limb to other
Swing Phase
•40% of walking cycle
•Begins with toe off
•3 segments / phases:
i) Initial swing - foot pushed off ground, limb accelerates forward
ii) Midswing - Limb moves beneath body until tibia of leg is vertical. Foot dorsiflexed to prevent toes dragging on ground
iii) Terminal swing - Limb decelerates forward movement, prepares for initial contact again
muscle groups used in walking:
- stance phase: heel strike to flat foot
- dorsiflexors ?
- gluteus maximus and hamstrings?
- quads?
- hip abductors?= - stance phase: mid stance to toe off:
- plantar flexors?
- hip flexors and knee extensors?
1. stance phase: heel strike to flat foot
–Dorsiflexors active at heel strike
–Gluteus maximus and hamstrings extend hip early in stance.
–Quadriceps extend knee early in stance.
–Hip abductors active when going from **double to single support
2. stance phase: mid stance to toe off:**
– Plantar flexors active at toe off to power forward thrust.
- Hip flexors and knee extensors start to prepare to lift
swing phase: wagwan at the:
- hip flexors?
- hip extensors
- hamstrings
- dorisflexors?
•Hip flexors help lift leg off ground, early swing phase
•Thigh momentum checked by hip extensors at end of swing
–Gluteus maximus
•Hamstrings flex knee, lift swinging leg off ground
•Dorsiflexors active throughout to prevent toes dragging
when conducting a gait analysis, what do u look for? [5]
Gait analysis:
Balance
Co-ordination
Walking rhythm
Change of speed/direction
Stride length
what can be causes of gait problems
- mechanical? [3]
- neurological [2]
Mechanical:
•Osteoarthritis, muscle strains, blisters
Neurological:
•Perception deficits, nerve damage
what is parkisonsongs gait like? [5]
•Short shuffling steps
•Rigidity in hip and knee extensors - dont have free movement of lower limb: makes it harder to flex the hip and knee becasuse the muscle groups are smaller (cant lift the leg forward !!)
•Stooped forward posture: bc cant initate movement, put body weight anteriorly
•Arm swing reduced
•Turning is rigid like a statue
what is scissor gait:
- :)
•Thigh swings across body during swing phase
•Difficulty in putting heel on ground
–Toe walking
–Unstable
(can be unilateral or bilateral)
features are:
rigidity and excessive adduction of the leg in swing
plantar flexion of the ankle
flexion at the knee
adduction and internal rotation at the hip
contractures of all spastic muscles
The individual is thus forced to walk up on tip-toe, the other contractures resulting in the knees rubbing together and crossing in a manner analogous to scissors.
what is high stepping gait?
which group of muscles are affected & nerve?
what is high stepping gait:
- *- dorsiflexor paraylsis - foot drop (unless leg is lifted higher by exaggerated knee bend)
- common peroneal nerve injury
- whole foot tends to be slapped on ground rather than heel strike**
