Vertebrae and Intervertebrae joints Flashcards
what are the curvatures of the spine? [2] medical names?
when do each develop? [2]
which vertebrae cause which of these curvatures? [2]
what are the curvatures of the spine? [2]
primary curvatures - posterior curvature = kyphosis
secondary curvatures - anterior curvature =lordosis
when do each develop? [2]
Primary curves are retained from the original fetal curvature, while secondary curvatures develop after birth.
which vertebrae cause which of these curvatures? [2]
- *thoracic: primary
sacral: primary
cervical: secondary
sacral: secondary**
what is excessive kyphosis caused by? [1] - which area especially? [1]
what is excessive lordosis caused by? [1] - which area especially? [1]
what is excessive kyphosis caused by? [1] - which area especially? [1]
erosion / fracture of anterior part of one or more vertebrae
thoracic areaparticularly effected:thoracic kyphosis
e.g. from OA
what is excessive lordosis caused by? [1] - which area especially? [1]
increased lumbar curvature
anterior rotation of pelvis causes this
can be caused by preg / obesity
what is scoliosis? [1]
which patient group often occurs to? [1]
what is risk of severe scoliosis? [1]
what is scoliosis?
- abnormal lateral curvature
which patient group often occurs to? [1]
pubertal girls
what is risk of severe case? [1]
compression of lungs
cervical vertebrae:
unique characteristics? [3]
cervical vertebrae:
unique characteristics? [3]
- **small vertebral body
- transverse foramina - vertebral artery
- bifid spinous process**
which vertebrae doesnt have a spinous body?
what is name?
C1: no body = Atlas
which vertebrae is this? how can you tell?
label A x
Axis: C2 - can tell bc of dens
what are distinguishing features of thoracic vert? [3]
what are distinguishing features of thoracic vert? [3]
•Costal facets
•Long inferiorly oriented spinous processes
•Heart-shaped vertebral body
what are distinguishing features of lumbar vert? [2]
- Short square spinous processes
- Large vertebral bodies
sacral and coccygeal verebrae characterisitcs/
5 fused sacral vert
4 fused coccygeal
what are the two different inter-vertebral joints? [2]
what are the two different inter-vertebral joints? [2]
- inverterbral discs
invertebreal discs:
articular surface made from?
invertebral disc made from?
attachment at anterior and posterior by?
- articular surfaces = hyaline cartilage
- intervertebral disc = fibrocartilage
- strong attachment between vert bodies
- designed for weight bearing and strengh
- 25% height of vert column
- posterior and anterior longitudinal ligaments surround !
which is stronger out of anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments ?
anterior - bigger = stronger !
inverterbral disc structure:
what is annulus comprised of ? [1]
what is nucleus pulposus comprised of? [3]
inverterbral disc structure:
what is annulus comprised of ? [1]
15/20 type 1 collagenous laminae, run obliquely
what is nucleus pulposus comprised of? [3]
type II collagen
water
proteoglycans
around 85% water !!
what is innervation & blood supply to IV disc like? [1]
how do IV discs get nutrition? [1]
what is innervation & blood supply to IV disc like? [1]
avascular and no innervation
how do IV discs get nutrition? [1]
diffusion across vert body
how does ageing and IV disc occur to nucleus pulposus & annulus fibrosis?
degeneration starts in your twenties :(
- *nucleus pulpsosus dries out: can become compressed more easily !!**
- loose height
- disc not as resilient
- disc doees not absorb shocks well
annulus fibrosus cracks. also gets pushed out more by nucleus pulpsosus
how does size of invert disc change throughout spine?
The thickness of the discs increases as the vertebral column descends.
- 3mm in cervical
- 5mm in thoracic
- 9-11mm in lumbar
where are you most likely to have a slipped disc? why are they most likely to occur? [2]
disc herniation
L4-L5; L5-S1
two IV discs are the biggest: more oxygen poor
which part of IV disc comes out when herniated?
Nucleus pulposus
how does pain occur when have herniated disc? [3]
how does pain occur when have herniated disc? [2]
IVD is poorly innervated so pain doesn’t come from the disc itself [1]
Compression of surrounding ligaments causes localised pain [1]
Compression of nerve roots causes numbness, tingling and pain across the respective dermatome
A: T10
B: C5
C: V1
which dermatomes are most commonly affected by herniated disc? [4] why? [1]
which neve is likely to be affected by herniated disc? [1]
which dermatomes are most commonly affected by herniated disc? [4] why? [1]
L4, L5, S1 (largest IV discs - most at risk from herniaton)
which neve is likely to be affected by herniated disc? [1]
sciatic nerve - tingly / numbness in back of legs and buttocks
whatt type of joint are facet joints? [1]
why are these joints of clinical significane? [2]
whatt type of joint are facet joints? [1]
synovial, plane joints
why are these joints of clinical significane? [1]
they are next to emergence of spinal nerve from VC [1]
when joints are diseased = spinal nerves become compressed
purple structure?
role? [3]
ligamentum flavum !
- Extends from lamina above to lamina below of adjacent vertebra
- Resists separation of the lamina
- Stops abrupt flexion
- High elastic content so assists with straightening after flexion
what is name of this? [1]
what does it join ? [1]
Interspinous ligament
•Joins adjacent spinous processes
Weak more like a thin membrane
what type of joint is atalato-occipital joint?
hinge
plane
condyloid
saddle
pivot
what type of joint is atalato-occipital joint?
hinge
plane
condyloid
saddle
pivot
what type of joint is C1-C2 joint?
hinge
plane
condyloid
saddle
pivot
which ligament supports this joint? [1]
what type of joint is C1-C2 joint?
hinge
plane
condyloid
saddle
pivot
which ligament supports this joint? [1]
transverse ligament
what are the movements going on here?
which IV cause each one/
what are the deep muscles of the back called? [1]
innervation? [1]
what are the deep muscles of the back called? [1]
paraspinals
innervation? [1]
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
which muscles cause:
- spinal flexion [2]
- spinal extension [2]
- spinal lateral flexion [5]
- spinal rotation [4]
what happens to paraspinal if disc slips?
If disc herniates then the paraspinals contract on that side to try and hold things together but that causes that side to shorten and pinch the nerve root.
