Introduction to PNS testing

Question 1

Consequences of lesions of upper motor neurones causes?

Answer 1

Lesions of upper motor neurones cause spastic paralysis:
1 .Muscular weakness or paralysis.
2.Increased tone: HYPERtonia.
3.Increased reflexes and clonus: HYPERreflexia.

Question 2

Lesions of the lower motor neurons cause what type of paralysis?
[7 characteristics?]

Answer 2

Lesions of the lower motor neurones cause flaccid paralysis:

1. Muscular weakness or paralysis.
2. Decreased or absent tone: HYPOtonia.
3. Decreased or absent reflexes: HYPOreflexia
4. Wasting
5. Fasciculation.

Question 3

what are some causes of upper motor neurone lesions? [6]

Answer 3

Upper motor neurones:

Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
Demyelination (multiple sclerosis)
Space-occupying lesions, eg tumours
Motor neurone disease
Trauma eg spinal cord injury

Question 4

some causes of lower motor neurone lesions? [4]

Answer 4

Lower motor neurones

Trauma to peripheral nerves
Motor peripheral neuropathy.
Demyelination (Guillain-Barre)
Motor neurone disease