Radiological Skeletal Imaging Flashcards
give the defintions for:
- lucent lesions of bone
- sclerotic lesions of bone
- periosteal reaction
- soft tissue calcifications
- osteopenia
- osteonecrosis
- fractures
- orthopaedic hardware
- joint integrity
- lucent lesions of bone: dark areas
- sclerotic lesions of bone: white areas
- periosteal reaction: loss of smooth appearance of the edges of bones
- soft tissue calcifications: white patches in the soft tissue
- osteopenia: localised reduction in bone density
- osteonecrosis: death of the bone with loss of shape of the bones
- fractures: discontinuity of bone, black lines seperating peices of bone
- orthopaedic hardware: metal / plastic
- joint integrity: loss of joing space / joint orientation
which orientation of the humerus is this?
how can you tell ? [2]
which muscles have contracted to make this movement? [1]
which orientation of the humerus is this?
- internal rotation
how can you tell
- *- greater tuberosity is anterior
- lesser tuberosity is medial to glenoid fossa**
which muscles have contracted to make this movement? [2]
- subscapularis muscle has contracted
which orientation of the humerus is this?
how can you tell ? [2]
which muscles have contracted to make this movement? [2]
which orientation of the humerus is this?
external rotation
how can you tell ? [2]
greater tuberosity more posterior (cant see all)
lesser tuboristity in more profile
which muscles have contracted to make this movement? [2]
,infrapsinatus and teres minor
which view of the shoulder is A & B?
1) AP view
2) superior-inferior view
how do paedatric and adult x-rays differ in appearance?
in children, bones are growing via epiphyseal growth plate: lengthens the bone but is made by hyaline cartilage - looks seperated from the main shaft of the bone (cane make it look fractured)
(child on left, adult on right)
what should you consider when looking for abnormal x-rays? [5]
In an abnormal x ray you are looking for changes in:
- Shape, size and or orientation of the bones and joint surfaces
- Breaks in the bone
- Extra bone (calcification)
- Loss of bone
- Foreign objects
whats wrong here? [5]
due to rheumatoid arthitis
- no individual bones / loss of joint space in carpals
- ulna is missing little head thing
- erosion of proximal phalanges: have become pointed / not square
- ulna deviation of DPs
- osteopenia of radius ( end of joint is darker / lucent)
whats wrong here? [3]
Whole midsection of the fibula became detached
Common perineal nerve (L5 dermatome) coming round the neck of the fibula innervates the dorsiflexors. Laceration leads to foot drop.
Anterior tibial artery at risk due to multiple fractures of the tibia and fibula
what is this? patella region
flabella (The fabella is a small sesamoid bone found in some mammals embedded in the tendon of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle behind the lateral condyle)
which bone is this?
why is this bone clinically significant? [1]
scaphoid
why is this bone clinically significant
- has a retrograde blood supply (comes in at distal end and moves proximally) - means if fracture at proximal end -> can become avascular -> lead to necrosis
whats going on each of these? 1 each
1st photo: missing a thumb
2nd photo: metal artefacts
3rd photo: fused tibia & femur
limitations of x-ray? [6]
- Only calcified tissue shows up clearly
- Soft tissues do not show up very well
- Not very sensitive
- You have to lose 30% of bone mass before it shows up on an x-ray
- Bone in front can obscure internal bone processes or structures behind
- Processes taking place inside the bone cannot be seen (avascular necrosis, osteomyelitis etc.)
do not show subtle changes in bone density !!!!
whats an arthogram?
Iodine contrast media injected into a joint, with air.
what are dexa scans? used for?
- Uses 2 different low energy x-ray sources. Using 2 different x-ray sources improves accuracy
- Can also be used for body composition (fat)
