:) Flashcards
which is this muscle?
innervation?
movement [2]
which is this muscle: sartorius
innervation: femoral nerve
movement [2]: flexes hip AND knee
what are the 3 different muscles that insert at the medial aspect of the knee? [3]
which compartment are they all originally from? [3]
what is name for this meetin of three muscles? [3]
- Sartorius - anterior
- Gracilis - medial
- Semitendinosus - posterior
= pes anserinus !!
what are the 3 articulations of knee joint? [3]
which is bone is not part of the knee joint? !!! [1]
what are the 3 articulations of knee joint? [3]
–lateral femoral and tibial condyles with corresponding meniscus
–medial femoral and tibial condyles with corresponding meniscus
–patella and femur
fibula not part of knee joint!!
what are the 3 articulations of knee joint? [3]
which is bone is not part of the knee joint? !!! [1]
what are the 3 articulations of knee joint? [3]
–lateral femoral and tibial condyles with corresponding meniscus
–medial femoral and tibial condyles with corresponding meniscus
–patella and femur
fibula not part of knee joint!!
what is the Q line?
where is at a line between? [2]
what s the angle in men? (compared to vertical) [1]
whats the angle in women? (compared to vertical) [1]
Q line: asis –> centre of patella
what s the angle in men: 14 degress
whats the angle in women: 17 degrees
whats it called when have a small q angle?
whats it called when you have a large q angle?
which condyle does this cause increased presssure on for small q [1] / large q [1]?
whats it called when have a small q angle: genu varum - medial condyle
whats it called when you have a large q angle: genu valgum - lateral condyle
whats it called when have a small q angle?
whats it called when you have a large q angle?
which condyle does this cause increased presssure on for small q [1] / large q [1]?
whats it called when have a small q angle: genu varum - medial condyle
whats it called when you have a large q angle: genu valgum - lateral condyle
what is a sesamoid bone? [1]
what is a sesamoid bone: bone that develops in ligament
reflex test of patella: tests which nerve? [1] & which spinal segments[1]
reflex test of patella: tests femoral nerve and spinal segments L2-L4
causes contraction of quads
what are the names of the collateral ligaments of knee? [1]
how do they differ? [1]
which one is more prone to damage? [1]
what are the names of the collateral ligaments of knee? [2]
medial/ tibial collateral ligament & fibula collateral ligament
how do they differ? [1]
- *fibula collateral ligament:** seperate to the knee capsule
- *tibial collateral ligament:** part of the knee capsule
which one is more prone to damage? [1]
tibial collateral ligament bc if damage the knee it also damages the ligament
what is the role of the cruciate ligaments?
connecting the tibia and the femur to prevent displacement of the tibia relative to the femur
what is the medial menisci attached to [2] (anteriorly / posteriorly)
what is the lateral menisici attached to? [1]
what is the medial menisci attached to [2]
- *anteriorly: ACL
posteriorly: tibial collateral ligament**
what is the lateral menisici attached to? [1]
pcl
NOT ATTACHED TO LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
which structures make up the unhappy triad? [3]
- Medial meniscus
- ACL
- Tibial collateral ligament
lower motor neurons innervate skeletal muslces (alpha-motor neurones)
where do you find the cell body of the motor unit of the NMJ? [1]
one alpha motor neuron innervates: [1]
- one muscle fibre
- a number of muscle fibres
where do you find the cell body of the motor unit of the NMJ? [1]
ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord
one alpha motor neuron innervates: [1]
- one muscle fibre
- *- a number of muscle fibres:** forms the motor end plate (presynaptic NMJ)
label A
what happens after Ach binds to Ach receptor?
- Ach binds to Ach-receptor
- opens Ach-receptor
- allows Na channel to open & Na goes through
- causes depolarisation of muscle membrane
- causes release of Calcium from sarcoplasmic reciticulum
… other steps… - muscle contraction
Where do you find:
L type calcium channels [2]
N type calcium channels [1]
L type calcium channels [2]
heart
vascular smooth muscle
N type calcium channels [1]
pre-synaptic terminals - very close to the vesicles
explain mechanism of docking at NMJ and release of Ach occurs at presynaptic vesicle
vesicles docks by:
- synaptobrevin interacts with syntaxin and SNAP25: holds the vesicle close to pre-synaptic membrane (but doesnt fuse) = docking.
- Ca2+ binds to synaptotagmin: interacts with SNAP25/ syntaxin complex and tightens interaction between the vesicle and presynaptic membrane complexs & causes it to merge & release of Ach = confirmational change occurs.
what does quantal release of Ach mean? [1]
every vesicle contains same amount of ACh: same amount of NM is released with each AP. get a 1:1 transmission of nerve & muscle.
what is nicotinic Ach receptor structure like? [2]
how many Ach have to bind before the Ach-receptor opens? [2]
what is an end plate potential? [1]
at what point does an AP occur in muscle? [1]
what is nicotinic Ach receptor structure like? [2]
- 5 subunits: 2 identical alpha subunits, 1 beta, 1 delta (& 1 gamma or epsilon)
how many Ach have to bind before the Ach-receptor opens? [2]
2
what is an end plate potential? [1]
when Na+ move into the muscle & cause depol
at what point does an AP occur in muscle? [1]
- 40mV
what are the two types of NMJ blockers [2] explain them
What are the two types of NMJ blockers [2]:
1. D tubocuraine: non-depolarising muscle relaxant
blocks the nicotonic Ach-R & prevents AP occuring
- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor works as an antidote to it
- *2. depolarisng muscle relaxant**
- stimulate Ach-R like Ach and activate muscle (muscle twitch)
- but **do not detach: no more Ach can bind (paralysis)
- even if membrane is repolarised (from Na channels / NaKATPase), the drug causes it to bedesensitised**
- but breaks down after a while, so not perm. paraylses
what are the two types of NMJ blockers [2] explain them
What are the two types of NMJ blockers [2]:
1. D tubocuraine: non-depolarising muscle relaxant
blocks the nicotonic Ach-R & prevents AP occuring
- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor works as an antidote to it
- *2. depolarisng muscle relaxant**
- stimulate Ach-R like Ach and activate muscle (muscle twitch)
- but **do not detach: no more Ach can bind (paralysis)
- even if membrane is repolarised (from Na channels / NaKATPase), the drug causes it to bedesensitised**
- but breaks down after a while, so not perm. paraylses
Where is T1 dermatome? [1]
where is T2 dermatome? [1]
Where is T1 dermatome? [1]
medial forearm
where is T2 dermatome? [1]
axillary forearm
what is the cubital fossa’s boundaries? [3]
which muscles bring about flexion of MCP and extension of interphalangeal joints?
which innervation?
lumbricals - 1/2 ulnar / 1/2 median
what is the order of neurovasculature of femoral things? [3]
femoral artery = pulsating just belowing midinguinal point
femoral nerve = lateral to artery
femoral vein = medial
VAN
what do you measure to find true length of lower limb [2]
ASIS –> distal tip of medial malleolus BOTH SIDES
what is difference between T1 & T2 imaging:
- which one shows normal anatomy? pathology?
- what do each show fat [1] & CSF [1] as?
- which one is more sensitive to water content?
what is difference between T1 & T2 imaging?
- which one shows normal anatomy?
T1 = normal
T2 = pathology - what do each show fat as?
T1: fat = white, liquid; CSF = pale grey
T2: fat = pale grey , CSF & fluid = white - which one is more sensitive to water content?
- *T2 - good 4 oedema**
- which position is most stable for the a) hip b) knee (flex / extension)
- where does the line of central pressure lead through the body? [4]
hip and knee both extended = most stable
•Centre of pressure is:
–in front of ankle / talus
–just in front of knee
–just behind hip
–just behind ear
when locomoting:
which muscles prevent the pelvis dropping to the unsupported side? [1]
which muscles help to move the body weight? [1]
when locomoting:
which muscles prevent the pelvis dropping to the unsupported side: hip abductors (gluteus minimus & medius)
which muscles help to move the body weight: hip adductors
how does is weight distributed in after going through verterbral body? [3]
what specifically enables use to undetake bipedal standing & walking more efficient? [1]
how does is weight distributed in after going through verterbral body?
•Weight of upper body transmitted centrally through vertebral column (1)
•Ilium transfers weight to femurs (2-3)
•Pubic rami form ‘struts’ or braces that maintain integrity of arch (4)
what specifically enables use to undetake bipedal standing & walking more efficient? [1]
Diagonal angle of femurs re-centres support directly under the body to make bipedal standing more efficient and to help walking. Quadripeds require simultaneous support from both sides.
what is scissor gait:
•Thigh swings across body during swing phase
•Difficulty in putting heel on ground
–Toe walking
–Unstable
what is high stepping gait characterised by? [2]
which nerve damage causes this? [1]
- dorsiflexor paraylsis - foot drop (unless leg is lifted higher by exaggerated knee bend)
- common peroneal nerve injury
- whole foot tends to be slapped on ground rather than heel strike
what is staccator gait like?
- plantaflexor paraylsis - no forward thrust
- unaffected limb never advances beyond affected limb. just the knee flexors & hip flexors lift it up and swing it forwa
when conducting a gait analysis, what do u look for? [5]
Gait analysis:
Balance
Co-ordination
Walking rhythm
Change of speed/direction
Stride length
