:) Flashcards
which is this muscle?
innervation?
movement [2]
which is this muscle: sartorius
innervation: femoral nerve
movement [2]: flexes hip AND knee
what are the 3 different muscles that insert at the medial aspect of the knee? [3]
which compartment are they all originally from? [3]
what is name for this meetin of three muscles? [3]
- Sartorius - anterior
- Gracilis - medial
- Semitendinosus - posterior
= pes anserinus !!
what are the 3 articulations of knee joint? [3]
which is bone is not part of the knee joint? !!! [1]
what are the 3 articulations of knee joint? [3]
–lateral femoral and tibial condyles with corresponding meniscus
–medial femoral and tibial condyles with corresponding meniscus
–patella and femur
fibula not part of knee joint!!
what are the 3 articulations of knee joint? [3]
which is bone is not part of the knee joint? !!! [1]
what are the 3 articulations of knee joint? [3]
–lateral femoral and tibial condyles with corresponding meniscus
–medial femoral and tibial condyles with corresponding meniscus
–patella and femur
fibula not part of knee joint!!
what is the Q line?
where is at a line between? [2]
what s the angle in men? (compared to vertical) [1]
whats the angle in women? (compared to vertical) [1]
Q line: asis –> centre of patella
what s the angle in men: 14 degress
whats the angle in women: 17 degrees
whats it called when have a small q angle?
whats it called when you have a large q angle?
which condyle does this cause increased presssure on for small q [1] / large q [1]?
whats it called when have a small q angle: genu varum - medial condyle
whats it called when you have a large q angle: genu valgum - lateral condyle
whats it called when have a small q angle?
whats it called when you have a large q angle?
which condyle does this cause increased presssure on for small q [1] / large q [1]?
whats it called when have a small q angle: genu varum - medial condyle
whats it called when you have a large q angle: genu valgum - lateral condyle
what is a sesamoid bone? [1]
what is a sesamoid bone: bone that develops in ligament
reflex test of patella: tests which nerve? [1] & which spinal segments[1]
reflex test of patella: tests femoral nerve and spinal segments L2-L4
causes contraction of quads
what are the names of the collateral ligaments of knee? [1]
how do they differ? [1]
which one is more prone to damage? [1]
what are the names of the collateral ligaments of knee? [2]
medial/ tibial collateral ligament & fibula collateral ligament
how do they differ? [1]
- *fibula collateral ligament:** seperate to the knee capsule
- *tibial collateral ligament:** part of the knee capsule
which one is more prone to damage? [1]
tibial collateral ligament bc if damage the knee it also damages the ligament
what is the role of the cruciate ligaments?
connecting the tibia and the femur to prevent displacement of the tibia relative to the femur
what is the medial menisci attached to [2] (anteriorly / posteriorly)
what is the lateral menisici attached to? [1]
what is the medial menisci attached to [2]
- *anteriorly: ACL
posteriorly: tibial collateral ligament**
what is the lateral menisici attached to? [1]
pcl
NOT ATTACHED TO LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
which structures make up the unhappy triad? [3]
- Medial meniscus
- ACL
- Tibial collateral ligament
lower motor neurons innervate skeletal muslces (alpha-motor neurones)
where do you find the cell body of the motor unit of the NMJ? [1]
one alpha motor neuron innervates: [1]
- one muscle fibre
- a number of muscle fibres
where do you find the cell body of the motor unit of the NMJ? [1]
ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord
one alpha motor neuron innervates: [1]
- one muscle fibre
- *- a number of muscle fibres:** forms the motor end plate (presynaptic NMJ)
label A
explain mechanism of docking at NMJ and release of Ach occurs at presynaptic vesicle
vesicles docks by:
- synaptobrevin interacts with syntaxin and SNAP25: holds the vesicle close to pre-synaptic membrane (but doesnt fuse) = docking.
- Ca2+ binds to synaptotagmin: interacts with SNAP25/ syntaxin complex and tightens interaction between the vesicle and presynaptic membrane complexs & causes it to merge & release of Ach = confirmational change occurs.
what is nicotinic Ach receptor structure like? [2]
how many Ach have to bind before the Ach-receptor opens? [2]
what is an end plate potential? [1]
at what point does an AP occur in muscle? [1]
what is nicotinic Ach receptor structure like? [2]
- 5 subunits: 2 identical alpha subunits, 1 beta, 1 delta (& 1 gamma or epsilon)
how many Ach have to bind before the Ach-receptor opens? [2]
2
what is an end plate potential? [1]
when Na+ move into the muscle & cause depol
at what point does an AP occur in muscle? [1]
- 40mV
Where is T1 dermatome? [1]
where is T2 dermatome? [1]
Where is T1 dermatome? [1]
medial forearm
where is T2 dermatome? [1]
axillary forearm
what is the cubital fossa’s boundaries? [3]
which muscles bring about flexion of MCP and extension of interphalangeal joints?
which innervation?
lumbricals - 1/2 ulnar / 1/2 median
what is the order of neurovasculature of femoral things? [3]
femoral artery = pulsating just belowing midinguinal point
femoral nerve = lateral to artery
femoral vein = medial
VAN
- which position is most stable for the a) hip b) knee (flex / extension)
- where does the line of central pressure lead through the body? [4]
hip and knee both extended = most stable
•Centre of pressure is:
–in front of ankle / talus
–just in front of knee
–just behind hip
–just behind ear
how does is weight distributed in after going through verterbral body? [3]
what specifically enables use to undetake bipedal standing & walking more efficient? [1]
how does is weight distributed in after going through verterbral body?
•Weight of upper body transmitted centrally through vertebral column (1)
•Ilium transfers weight to femurs (2-3)
•Pubic rami form ‘struts’ or braces that maintain integrity of arch (4)
what specifically enables use to undetake bipedal standing & walking more efficient? [1]
Diagonal angle of femurs re-centres support directly under the body to make bipedal standing more efficient and to help walking. Quadripeds require simultaneous support from both sides.
what is scissor gait:
•Thigh swings across body during swing phase
•Difficulty in putting heel on ground
–Toe walking
–Unstable
