Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BDS1 BAMS human systems > voluntary movement > Flashcards

voluntary movement Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different types of movement?

A
  • involuntary actions- reflexes
  • semi-automatic
  • voluntary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe semi-automatic movements

A
  • voluntary but you dont have to think about them
  • often repeated movement sequences
  • appear stereotyped but very adaptable
  • eg walking, breathing and chewing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the projections off of the cell body of a neuron?

A

dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are central packing generators?

A

collections of neurons which have a rhythmic output which influences motor patterns of muscle groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are outputs of central packing generators?

A

effector organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do effector organs allow?

A
  • an individual to respond in different muscle groups
  • have reflex feedback to monitor output
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what can CPGs be under control of?

A

higher control neurons
- central feedback loops regulate this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what do sensory feedback systems do?

A

regulate the entire CPG system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are voluntary actions?

A
  • self-initiated
  • purposeful (goal directed)
  • learned
  • improved with practice
  • adaptable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where is the motor cortex?

A

anterior to central sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where is the primary sensory cortex?

A

posterior to central sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

dorsal funiculus

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lateral funiculus

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ventral funiculus

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ventromedial funiculus

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the corticobulbar pathway?

A

the pathway of the recruitment of lower motor neurons than comprise cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where do the corticobulbar pathway neurons pass through?

A
  • ## start from the upper motor neuron in motor cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where do the corticobulbar pathway neurons pass through?

A
  • start from the upper motor neuron in motor cortex
  • through the basic pedunculi
  • branches to innervate the distict motor neuron groups eg trigeminal/facialvagus/hypoglossal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe the corticospinal pathway

A

similar to the corticobulbar except the axons project much farther down the spine
- 85% axons cross over to the other side (pyramidal decussation)
- 15% cross over later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where is the lateral corticospinal tract?

A
  • 85% axons crossed over
  • dorsal lateral finiculus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where is the anterior corticospinal tract?

A
  • 15% of axons crossed over later
  • ventral medial finiculus
  • only projects to the mid-thoracic level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where do pathways to motor neurons controlling distal muscles (hands, feet, lower face, tongue) originate from?

A

opposite side of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do pathways to motor neurons controlling the upper face receive?

A

bilateral descending cortical commands

23
Q

what is the difference between initiating a normal movement vs a reflex?

A
  • normal movement involves an upper motor neuron
  • reflexes come from spine to lower motor neuron
24
Q

what happens if we damage an upper motor neuron?

A
  • no voluntary movement
25
Q

how could an upper motor nueron become damaged?

A

stoke/trauma

26
Q

how could a lower motor neuron become damaged?

A

peripheral nerve injury

27
Q

what happens if a lower motor neuron is damaged?

A

no movement can occur as the muscle cant be activated

28
Q

what is bells palsy?

A
  • loose capacity to engage and contract muscles of facial expression innervated by the facial nerve
  • would typically dissipate within two weeks
29
Q

how can a refined motor system be achieved?

A

involving other subcortical regions such as the thalamus and basal ganglia which can directly influence upper motor neurons and also the circuits within the spinal cord

30
Q

where do the additional descending motor projections arise from?

A

various areas of the cerebrum and brainstem eg the basal ganglia arises from the cerebellum and brainstem

31
Q

what is the function of the additional descending motor projections?

A
  • to co-ordinate movements
  • help maintain posture/balance
  • help integrate actions of several muscles
32
Q

what are the basal ganglia?

A
  • compromised of several interconnected sub-cortical nuclei
  • link to the cerebral cortex via feedback loops
  • influence/regulate output from the motor cortex
  • act to initiate actions and to switch from one action to another
33
Q

what is the function of the internal capsule?

A

responsible for the relay of information from the spinal cord/brainstem via the thalamus to the sensory cortex
OR
the descend projections of axons from upper motor nuerons to the cortical bulba or cortical spinal pathways

34
Q

what is the function of the ventricles?

A

come together with the white matter systems allowing us to identify the anitomical position of the basal ganglia

35
Q

body caudate nucleus

A
36
Q

putamen

A
37
Q

globus pallidus

A
38
Q

thalamus

A
39
Q

substantia nigra

A
  • specled
40
Q

what comprises the basal ganglia?

A

body caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
thalamus
substantia nigra

41
Q

what are the three action selection centres of the basL ganglia?

A
  • corpus striatum
  • sub-thalamic nuclei
  • substantia nigra
42
Q

what comprises the corpus striatum cente of the basal ganglia?

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
43
Q

what comprises the sub-thalamic nuclei?

A

the thalamus itself which is composed of seven sub thalamic nuclei

44
Q

what does damage/disease of the basal ganglia action selection centres result in?

A

movement disorders

45
Q

what does parkinsons disease mainly affect?

A

substantia nigra

46
Q

what does huntingsons disease affect?

A

striatum

47
Q

describe parkinsons disease

A
  • hypokinetic
  • decrease in refined movements
  • resting tremor (paralysis agitans)
  • poverty of movement
  • mask-like facial appearance
  • difficulty initiating movements
  • dopamine deficiency in aubstantia nigra
48
Q

describe huntingtons disease

A
  • hyperkinetic
  • increased movements
  • excessive, uncontrolled movements
  • imbalance of neurotransmitters (decreased GABA)
  • some may have this through a genetic basic
49
Q

location of cerebellum

A

back of brain, behind brainstem, beneath occipital lobe

50
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  • important in co-ordinating movements
  • regulates actions of antagonistic muscle groups
  • important in maintaining balance (inputs from propioceptors)
  • acts to compare actual performance with what is intended
51
Q

describe muscle involvement in an action

A
  • rare for only one set of muscles to be involved
  • action by one set of muscles is often accompanied by the actions of other muscles
  • these actions are coordinated to ensure posture/balance is maintained
52
Q

describe the maintenance of posture

A
  • even standing still requires coordinated muscle action
  • activity of various muscles are adjusted as necessary
  • muscle contractions are controlled by inputs from variety of receptors
  • stretch reflexes are mediated by muscle spindles
53
Q

what are the actions which would occur if we lose balance?

A

correcting actions

54
Q

what are the methods in which motor outputs are refined?

A
  • association cortex
  • subcortical areas

BDS1 BAMS human systems (47 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions