endocrine glands and hormones

Question 1

where is the pineal gland?

Answer 1

Question 2

where is the hypothalamus?

Answer 2

Question 3

where is the pituitary gland?

Answer 3

Question 4

what is the connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

Answer 4

the infundibulum

Question 5

what is the hypothalamus responsible for?

Answer 5

• thermoregulation
• hormone secretion
• circadian rhythms
• motivation
• emotions

Question 6

what are the hormone sub groups of the hypothalamus?

Answer 6

• primary hormones
• trophic hormones

Question 7

what are the hypothalamus motivations?

Answer 7

thirst, feeding, sexual behaviour

Question 8

thermoregulation sequence after a body temp decrease

Answer 8

• decrease in core body temp
• thermoreceptors in hypothalamus
• compare with ‘set point’
• effectors
• increase heat production and decrease heat loss

Question 9

how do the releasing hormones of the hypothalamus pass to the anterior pituitary?

Answer 9

via blood vessels- hypothalamic-pituitary portal vessels

Question 10

what triggers secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 10

releasing hormones of the hypothalamus passing through blood vessels to the anterior pituitary

Question 11

how do releasing hormones of the hypothalamus pass to the posterior pituitary?

Answer 11

along nerve axons

Question 12

what happens after hypothalamus hormones have passed along nerve axons to the posterior pituitary?

Answer 12

released into circulation in posterior pituitary

Question 13

what are examples of hypothalamic hormones?

Answer 13

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GRH)
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Somatostatin (SS) (GH inhibiting hormone)
Prolactin releasing hormone (PLRH)
Dopamine (DA) (also PLIH)

Question 14

what are examples of anterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 14

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PL)

Question 15

describe the sequence of regulation by feedback

Answer 15

• simulus
• hypothalamus inhibition
  (hormone 1)
• anterior pituitary gland inhibition
  (hormone 2)
• target organ inhibition
  (hormone 3)
• actions

Question 16

what is corticotrophin and what is its function?

Answer 16

releases cortisol in the adrenal cortex

Question 17

what is gonadotrophin and what is its function?

Answer 17

controls gamete and sex hormone production in ovaries/testes
- LH/FSH production

Question 18

what is thyrotrophin and what is its function?

Answer 18

releases thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland

Question 19

what is somatotrophin and what is its function?

Answer 19

release of growth hormone

Question 20

what is prolactin and what is its function?

Answer 20

breast milk development/ milk production

Question 21

what are examples of posterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 21

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

Question 22

which nuclei produces oxytocin?

Answer 22

supraoptic

Question 23

which nuclei produces ADH?

Answer 23

paraventricular

Question 24

what is the function of Antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 24

water reabsorption in collecting ducts

Question 25

what is the function of oxytocin?

Answer 25

contracts uterus milk ejection

Question 26

where is the thyroid gland?

Answer 26

in the neck, anterior to the trachea

Question 27

what hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

Answer 27

thyroid hormone T3, T4 calcitonin

Question 28

what does calcitonin do?

Answer 28

regulates calcium levels

Question 29

where are thyroid hormones produced from?

Answer 29

cells around the follicles of the thyroid gland

Question 30

where is calcitonin produced from?

Answer 30

para-follicular C-cells in thyroid gland

Question 31

what are the action of T3 and T4?

Answer 31

Increase metabolic rate of all cells Determines basal metabolic rate Essential for normal fetal and childhood growth Permissive effect on action of adrenaline by upregulating adrenoreceptors

Question 32

what are disorders associated with undersecretion of thyroid hormone?

Answer 32

Hypothyroidism Cretinism, Myxoedema

Question 33

what are disorders associated with oversecretion of thyroid hormone?

Answer 33

Hyperthyroidism Grave’s disease

Question 34

what is simple goitre?

Answer 34

Thyroid swelling associated with iodine deficiency Low levels of thyroxine result in increased secretion of TSH Iodide added to salt

Question 35

how many parathyroid glands are there and where are they located?

Answer 35

4-5 on the deep surface of the thyroid gland

Question 36

what is the function of the parathyroid glands?

Answer 36

produce parathyroid hormone which is involved in regulation of blood calcium levels

Question 37

what is the EXOcrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 37

produce digestive enzymes

Question 38

what is the ENDOcrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 38

islets of Langerhans which produce three hormones

Question 39

what % of pancreatic tissue do islets of langerhans take up?

Answer 39

1-2%

Question 40

what three hormones do islets of langerhans produce?

Answer 40

- insulin - glucagon - somatostatin

Question 41

what do beta cells produce?

Answer 41

insulin

Question 42

what do alpha cells produce?

Answer 42

glucagon

Question 43

what do delta cells produce?

Answer 43

somatostatin

Question 44

what is the function of insulin?

Answer 44

- released in response to raised blood glucose/ vagus nerve - acts to lower blood glucose - facilitates glucose entry into muscle cells and adipocytes - promotes formation of glycogen, triglycerides - facilitates protein synthesis

Question 45

what promotes insulin secretion?

Answer 45

increase Blood glucose increase Blood amino acids Glucose-dependent, insulinotropic peptide Vagus nerve activity

Question 46

what inhibits insulin secretion?

Answer 46

Adrenaline Sympathetic nerves somatostatin

Question 47

what is the function of glucagon?

Answer 47

- Released in response to low blood glucose concentration - acts to raise blood glucose - Actions: Glycogenolysis in liver, Gluconeogenesis in liver, Lipolysis and ketone synthesis

Question 48

what promotes glucagon secretion?

Answer 48

decrease in blood glucose increase in blood amino acids cholecystokinin autonomic nerve activity

Question 49

what inhibits glucagon secretion?

Answer 49

insulin somatostatin

Question 50

what is diabetes mellitus?

Answer 50

elevated blood glucose concentration decrease in glucose uptake by cells

Question 51

what are the clinical features of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 51

Polyuria (increase in urine production) Polydipsia (increase in fluid intake; thirst) Glycosuria (glucose in urine) Diabetic neuropathy Skin and oral diseases, incl. periodontitis, xerostomia

Question 52

what is Type-1 diabetes?

Answer 52

- Insulin-dependent - decrease in Insulin secretion - Destruction of beta-cells - Autoimmune? - 10% of cases - “Early” onset - Insulin injections and diet

Question 53

what is Type-2 diabetes?

Answer 53

- Insulin-independent - Insulin levels “normal” - decrease in target cell responsiveness to insulin - Related to overweight - “Late” onset - Diet, oral hypoglycaemic agents

Question 54

where are adrenal glands located?

Answer 54

lie on top of the kidneys

Question 55

compare insulin levels in type 1 vs type 2 diabetes

Answer 55

- type 1- decreased insulin secretion - type 2- normal insulin secretion

Question 56

what is the main issue in type 2 diabetes?

Answer 56

reduced responsiveness of target cell to insulin

Question 57

give examples of cortex hormones

Answer 57

- aldosterone - cortisol - androgens

Question 58

what % of cases of diabetes are type 1?

Answer 58

10%

Question 59

what is cortisol produced by?

Answer 59

cells of zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex

Question 60

what is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 60

insulin injections and diet

Question 61

what is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 61

diet and oral hypoglycaemic agents

Question 62

what produces corticosteriods?

Answer 62

adrenal glands

Question 63

what does the modified sympathetic ganglion produce?

Answer 63

adrenaline

Question 64

what are the layers of the adrenal glands?

Answer 64

capsule cortex medulla

Question 65

what is cortisol controlled by?

Answer 65

ACTH from anterior pituitary

Question 66

what are the actions of cortisol?

Answer 66

Metabolic effects Permissive effects Anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant

Question 67

what does it mean if a hormone has permissive effect?

Answer 67

one hormone exherts its full effect only in the presence of other hormone

Question 68

what is aldosterone produced by?

Answer 68

cells of zona gomerulosa

Question 69

what is aldosterone controlled by?

Answer 69

the renin-angiotensin system

Question 70

what are the actions of aldosterone?

Answer 70

promotes reabsorption of Na+ and H2O in kidney (DCT) Increases excretion of H+, K+

Question 71

where is androgens produced?

Answer 71

zone fasciculata and reticularis of adrenal cortex

Question 72

what are the actions of androgens?

Answer 72

growth and 2 degree sexual characteristics

Question 73

what can occur with excess glucocorticoid?

Answer 73

cushing's syndrome

Question 74

what can occur with excess androgens?

Answer 74

andreno-genital syndrome

Question 75

what are symptoms of cushings syndrome?

Answer 75

a fatty hump between your shoulders, a rounded face, and pink or purple stretch marks on your skin

Question 76

what is the adrenal medulla?

Answer 76

a modified sympathetic ganglion

Question 77

what is the adrenal medulla controlled by?

Answer 77

pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves

Question 78

what do the cells of the adrenal medulla produce?

Answer 78

adrenaline

Question 79

what can an adrenaline deficiency result in?

Answer 79

addisons disease

Question 80

What type of hormone is cortisol?

Answer 80

Steroid

Question 81

What type of hormone is aldosterone?

Answer 81

Steroid

Question 82

What type of hormones are testosterone, oestrogen and progesterone?

Answer 82

Steroid

Question 83

What type of hormone is adrenaline?

Answer 83

Non-steroid, amino acid derivative

Question 84

What type of hormone is ADH?

Answer 84

Non-steroid, short-chain peptide

Question 85

What type of hormone is growth hormone?

Answer 85

Non-steroid, long chain peptide

Question 86

Where does the pro-hormone become activated to the hormone?

Answer 86

In the endoplasmic reticulum/ Golgi apparatus

Question 87

Where is growth hormone produced?

Answer 87

Anterior pituitary gland

Question 88

Where is ADH produced?

Answer 88

Posterior pituitary gland

Question 89

What hormones does the hypothalamus produce?

Answer 89

Hormones which stimulate the release of action causing hormones from the pituitary gland

Question 90

What are the actions of T3 and 4?

Answer 90

- increase metabolic rate of all cells - fetal and childhood growth

Question 91

What hormones do the adrenal glands secrete?

Answer 91

Aldosterone Cortisol Androgens