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BDS1 BAMS human systems > endocrine glands and hormones > Flashcards

endocrine glands and hormones Flashcards

1
Q

where is the pineal gland?

A
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2
Q

where is the hypothalamus?

A
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3
Q

where is the pituitary gland?

A
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4
Q

what is the connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A

the infundibulum

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5
Q

what is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A
  • thermoregulation
  • hormone secretion
  • circadian rhythms
  • motivation
  • emotions
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6
Q

what are the hormone sub groups of the hypothalamus?

A
  • primary hormones
  • trophic hormones
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7
Q

what are the hypothalamus motivations?

A

thirst, feeding, sexual behaviour

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8
Q

thermoregulation sequence after a body temp decrease

A
  • decrease in core body temp
  • thermoreceptors in hypothalamus
  • compare with ‘set point’
  • effectors
  • increase heat production and decrease heat loss
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9
Q

how do the releasing hormones of the hypothalamus pass to the anterior pituitary?

A

via blood vessels- hypothalamic-pituitary portal vessels

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10
Q

what triggers secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary?

A

releasing hormones of the hypothalamus passing through blood vessels to the anterior pituitary

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11
Q

how do releasing hormones of the hypothalamus pass to the posterior pituitary?

A

along nerve axons

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12
Q

what happens after hypothalamus hormones have passed along nerve axons to the posterior pituitary?

A

released into circulation in posterior pituitary

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13
Q

what are examples of hypothalamic hormones?

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GRH)
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Somatostatin (SS) (GH inhibiting hormone)
Prolactin releasing hormone (PLRH)
Dopamine (DA) (also PLIH)

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14
Q

what are examples of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PL)

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15
Q

describe the sequence of regulation by feedback

A
  • simulus
  • hypothalamus inhibition
    (hormone 1)
  • anterior pituitary gland inhibition
    (hormone 2)
  • target organ inhibition
    (hormone 3)
  • actions
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16
Q

what is corticotrophin and what is its function?

A

releases cortisol in the adrenal cortex

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17
Q

what is gonadotrophin and what is its function?

A

controls gamete and sex hormone production in ovaries/testes
- LH/FSH production

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18
Q

what is thyrotrophin and what is its function?

A

releases thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland

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19
Q

what is somatotrophin and what is its function?

A

release of growth hormone

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20
Q

what is prolactin and what is its function?

A

breast milk development/ milk production

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21
Q

what are examples of posterior pituitary hormones?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

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22
Q

which nuclei produces oxytocin?

A

supraoptic

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23
Q

which nuclei produces ADH?

A

paraventricular

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24
Q

what is the function of Antidiuretic hormone?

A

water reabsorption in collecting ducts

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25
Q

what is the function of oxytocin?

A

contracts uterus
milk ejection

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26
Q

where is the thyroid gland?

A

in the neck, anterior to the trachea

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27
Q

what hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

thyroid hormone
T3, T4
calcitonin

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28
Q

what does calcitonin do?

A

regulates calcium levels

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29
Q

where are thyroid hormones produced from?

A

cells around the follicles of the thyroid gland

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30
Q

where is calcitonin produced from?

A

para-follicular C-cells in thyroid gland

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31
Q

what are the action of T3 and T4?

A

Increase metabolic rate of all cells
Determines basal metabolic rate
Essential for normal fetal and childhood growth
Permissive effect on action of adrenaline by upregulating adrenoreceptors

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32
Q

what are disorders associated with undersecretion of thyroid hormone?

A

Hypothyroidism
Cretinism, Myxoedema

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33
Q

what are disorders associated with oversecretion of thyroid hormone?

A

Hyperthyroidism
Grave’s disease

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34
Q

what is simple goitre?

A

Thyroid swelling associated with iodine deficiency
Low levels of thyroxine result in increased secretion of TSH
Iodide added to salt

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35
Q

how many parathyroid glands are there and where are they located?

A

4-5
on the deep surface of the thyroid gland

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36
Q

what is the function of the parathyroid glands?

A

produce parathyroid hormone which is involved in regulation of blood calcium levels

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37
Q

what is the EXOcrine function of the pancreas?

A

produce digestive enzymes

38
Q

what is the ENDOcrine function of the pancreas?

A

islets of Langerhans which produce three hormones

39
Q

what % of pancreatic tissue do islets of langerhans take up?

A

1-2%

40
Q

what three hormones do islets of langerhans produce?

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • somatostatin
41
Q

what do beta cells produce?

A

insulin

42
Q

what do alpha cells produce?

A

glucagon

43
Q

what do delta cells produce?

A

somatostatin

44
Q

what is the function of insulin?

A
  • released in response to raised blood glucose/ vagus nerve
  • acts to lower blood glucose
  • facilitates glucose entry into muscle cells and adipocytes
  • promotes formation of glycogen, triglycerides
  • facilitates protein synthesis
45
Q

what promotes insulin secretion?

A

increase Blood glucose
increase Blood amino acids
Glucose-dependent, insulinotropic peptide
Vagus nerve activity

46
Q

what inhibits insulin secretion?

A

Adrenaline
Sympathetic nerves
somatostatin

47
Q

what is the function of glucagon?

A
  • Released in response to low blood glucose concentration
  • acts to raise blood glucose
  • Actions:
    Glycogenolysis in liver,
    Gluconeogenesis in liver,
    Lipolysis and ketone synthesis
48
Q

what promotes glucagon secretion?

A

decrease in blood glucose
increase in blood amino acids
cholecystokinin
autonomic nerve activity

49
Q

what inhibits glucagon secretion?

A

insulin
somatostatin

50
Q

what is diabetes mellitus?

A

elevated blood glucose concentration
decrease in glucose uptake by cells

51
Q

what are the clinical features of diabetes mellitus?

A

Polyuria (increase in urine production)
Polydipsia (increase in fluid intake; thirst)
Glycosuria (glucose in urine)
Diabetic neuropathy
Skin and oral diseases, incl. periodontitis, xerostomia

52
Q

what is Type-1 diabetes?

A
  • Insulin-dependent
  • decrease in Insulin secretion
  • Destruction of beta-cells
  • Autoimmune?
  • 10% of cases
  • “Early” onset
  • Insulin injections and diet
53
Q

what is Type-2 diabetes?

A
  • Insulin-independent
  • Insulin levels “normal”
  • decrease in target cell responsiveness to insulin
  • Related to overweight
  • “Late” onset
  • Diet, oral hypoglycaemic agents
54
Q

where are adrenal glands located?

A

lie on top of the kidneys

55
Q

compare insulin levels in type 1 vs type 2 diabetes

A
  • type 1- decreased insulin secretion
  • type 2- normal insulin secretion
56
Q

what is the main issue in type 2 diabetes?

A

reduced responsiveness of target cell to insulin

57
Q

give examples of cortex hormones

A
  • aldosterone
  • cortisol
  • androgens
58
Q

what % of cases of diabetes are type 1?

A

10%

59
Q

what is cortisol produced by?

A

cells of zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex

60
Q

what is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

A

insulin injections and diet

61
Q

what is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?

A

diet and oral hypoglycaemic agents

62
Q

what produces corticosteriods?

A

adrenal glands

63
Q

what does the modified sympathetic ganglion produce?

A

adrenaline

64
Q

what are the layers of the adrenal glands?

A

capsule
cortex
medulla

65
Q

what is cortisol controlled by?

A

ACTH from anterior pituitary

66
Q

what are the actions of cortisol?

A

Metabolic effects
Permissive effects
Anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant

67
Q

what does it mean if a hormone has permissive effect?

A

one hormone exherts its full effect only in the presence of other hormone

68
Q

what is aldosterone produced by?

A

cells of zona gomerulosa

69
Q

what is aldosterone controlled by?

A

the renin-angiotensin system

70
Q

what are the actions of aldosterone?

A

promotes reabsorption of Na+ and H2O in kidney (DCT)
Increases excretion of H+, K+

71
Q

where is androgens produced?

A

zone fasciculata and reticularis of adrenal cortex

72
Q

what are the actions of androgens?

A

growth and 2 degree sexual characteristics

73
Q

what can occur with excess glucocorticoid?

A

cushing’s syndrome

74
Q

what can occur with excess androgens?

A

andreno-genital syndrome

75
Q

what are symptoms of cushings syndrome?

A

a fatty hump between your shoulders, a rounded face, and pink or purple stretch marks on your skin

76
Q

what is the adrenal medulla?

A

a modified sympathetic ganglion

77
Q

what is the adrenal medulla controlled by?

A

pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves

78
Q

what do the cells of the adrenal medulla produce?

A

adrenaline

79
Q

what can an adrenaline deficiency result in?

A

addisons disease

80
Q

What type of hormone is cortisol?

A

Steroid

81
Q

What type of hormone is aldosterone?

A

Steroid

82
Q

What type of hormones are testosterone, oestrogen and progesterone?

A

Steroid

83
Q

What type of hormone is adrenaline?

A

Non-steroid, amino acid derivative

84
Q

What type of hormone is ADH?

A

Non-steroid, short-chain peptide

85
Q

What type of hormone is growth hormone?

A

Non-steroid, long chain peptide

86
Q

Where does the pro-hormone become activated to the hormone?

A

In the endoplasmic reticulum/ Golgi apparatus

87
Q

Where is growth hormone produced?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

88
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

89
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus produce?

A

Hormones which stimulate the release of action causing hormones from the pituitary gland

90
Q

What are the actions of T3 and 4?

A
  • increase metabolic rate of all cells
  • fetal and childhood growth
91
Q

What hormones do the adrenal glands secrete?

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Androgens

BDS1 BAMS human systems (47 decks)

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