neck

Question 1

what is the superior limit of the neck?

Answer 1

mandible

Question 2

what is the inferior limit of the neck?

Answer 2

thoracic inlet (superior thoracic aperture- lies through the first rib and is higher posteriorly than anterior. It is bounded by the first thoracic vertebra posteriorly, first ribs laterally and the manubrium anteriorly)

Question 3

what divides the anterior and posterior portions of the neck?

Answer 3

sternocleidomastoid

Question 4

what is the proximal attachment of the sternomastoid?

Answer 4

mastoid process

Question 5

what is the distal attachment of the sternomastoid?

Answer 5

sternal and clavicle

Question 6

what are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?

Answer 6

Sternocleidomastoid muscle
The midline
The lower border of the mandible

Question 7

what are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?

Answer 7

Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius muscle
Middle third of the clavicle

Question 8

what nerve supplies the neck muscles?

Answer 8

accessory CNXI

Question 9

which muscles are present in the anterior triangle?

Answer 9

• mylohyoid
• anterior belly of digastric
• infrahyoid muscles

Question 10

what is the myohyoid?

Answer 10

• hammock
• forms floor of the mouth
• arises from mandible
• attaches to hyoid bone
• raises floor of mouth
• raises hyoid bone

Question 11

what is the anterior belly of digastric?

Answer 11

• one of two muscles
• arises from mandible
• passes to mastoid process
• pulls down mandible
• raises hyoid bone

Question 12

what are the strap muscles?

Answer 12

• infrahyoid muscles
• depress hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speaking

Question 13

what is the only bone which isn’t attached to any other bones?

Answer 13

hyoid

Question 14

what is the largest laryngeal cartilage?

Answer 14

thyroid

Question 15

what are the skeletal elements of the anterior triangle?

Answer 15

• thyroid cartilage
• circoid cartilage
• hyoid bone
• trachea

Question 16

what are the glands of the anterior triangle?

Answer 16

• thyroid gland
• parathyroid glands
• submandibular glands

Question 17

what maintains calcium in the body?

Answer 17

parathyroid gland

Question 18

what type of gland is the thyroid gland?

Answer 18

endocrine- secretes hormones into blood stream

Question 19

what encloses the thyroid gland?

Answer 19

pre-tracheal fascia

Question 20

what supplies the thyroid gland?

Answer 20

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Question 21

what is the way to clinically test the thyroid gland?

Answer 21

ask the patient to swallow, when lightly pressing on the neck from behind the patient, will allow you to see if it is enlarged

Question 22

what does the thyroid gland secrete?

Answer 22

thyroid hormones T3 and T4

Question 23

what position in the neck is the thyroid gland?

Answer 23

C5-T1

Question 24

what do thyroid hormones do?

Answer 24

• raise the basal metabolic rate
• influences synthesis of proteins
• responsible for nerve growth/development
• essential for the development of cells in the body

Question 25

what links the right and left thyroid gland lobes?

Answer 25

isthmus

Question 26

what is the pyramidal lobe?

Answer 26

embryological remnant of where the thyroid gland developed from in the floor of the mouth – at the foramen caecum of the tongue

Question 27

what is the name of the fibrous remnant left near the thyroid gland?

Answer 27

levator glandulae thyroidae

Question 28

what is the surgery which removes the parathyroid glands?

Answer 28

thyroidectomy

Question 29

how many parathyroid glands do most people have?

Answer 29

4, 2 superior and 2 inferior

Question 30

how does the parathyroid gland increase blood calcium?

Answer 30

• Increasing absorption from the gut
• Increasing absorption from the kidney
• Increased activity of osteoblasts – break down bone and release calcium

Question 31

what are the nerves of the anterior triangle?

Answer 31

• vagus
• phrenic
• hypoglossal

Question 32

what does the phrenic nerve innervate?

Answer 32

C3,4,5 innervates diaphragm

Question 33

what does the vagus nerve innervate?

Answer 33

Motor – innervates the muscles of the larynx, pharynx and soft palate

Parasympathetic – smooth muscle of the trachea, bronchi (slows breathing), slows heart rate and increases gut motility

Special sensory fibres – innervation for taste sensation in the epiglottis and root of the tongue

General sensory – internal aspect of larynx and the ear canal. Also provides visceral sensory innervation to the heart and abdominal structures.

Question 34

what does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?

Answer 34

majority of tongue muscles

Question 35

what are important vessels found in the anterior triangle?

Answer 35

• common carotid artery
• jugular veins

Question 36

what are the nerves of the posterior triangle?

Answer 36

• accessory
• parts of branchial plexus
• cutaneous cervical nerves

Question 37

how do you clinically test accessory nerve?

Answer 37

shrug shoulders
look left and right

Question 38

what does the accessory nerve supply of the posterior triangle?

Answer 38

sternoclaidomastoid and trapezius

Question 39

trapezius

Question 40

what does the brachial plexus innervate?

Answer 40

C5-T1 motor and sensory innervation to upper limbs

Question 41

describe lymph nodes

Answer 41

Small oval to bean-shaped structures.
They filter lymph.
Offer defence against the spread of infection.
Returned to larger veins.
Many sites of lymph nodes.

Question 42

what do superficial lymph nodes do?

Answer 42

drain face, neck and scalp and pass to the superficial ring of lymph nodes at the junction of head and neck