neck Flashcards
what is the superior limit of the neck?
mandible
what is the inferior limit of the neck?
thoracic inlet (superior thoracic aperture- lies through the first rib and is higher posteriorly than anterior. It is bounded by the first thoracic vertebra posteriorly, first ribs laterally and the manubrium anteriorly)
what divides the anterior and posterior portions of the neck?
sternocleidomastoid
what is the proximal attachment of the sternomastoid?
mastoid process
what is the distal attachment of the sternomastoid?
sternal and clavicle
what are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
The midline
The lower border of the mandible
what are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius muscle
Middle third of the clavicle
what nerve supplies the neck muscles?
accessory CNXI
which muscles are present in the anterior triangle?
- mylohyoid
- anterior belly of digastric
- infrahyoid muscles
what is the myohyoid?
- hammock
- forms floor of the mouth
- arises from mandible
- attaches to hyoid bone
- raises floor of mouth
- raises hyoid bone
what is the anterior belly of digastric?
- one of two muscles
- arises from mandible
- passes to mastoid process
- pulls down mandible
- raises hyoid bone
what are the strap muscles?
- infrahyoid muscles
- depress hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speaking
what is the only bone which isn’t attached to any other bones?
hyoid
what is the largest laryngeal cartilage?
thyroid
what are the skeletal elements of the anterior triangle?
- thyroid cartilage
- circoid cartilage
- hyoid bone
- trachea
what are the glands of the anterior triangle?
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid glands
- submandibular glands
what maintains calcium in the body?
parathyroid gland
what type of gland is the thyroid gland?
endocrine- secretes hormones into blood stream
what encloses the thyroid gland?
pre-tracheal fascia
what supplies the thyroid gland?
superior and inferior thyroid arteries
what is the way to clinically test the thyroid gland?
ask the patient to swallow, when lightly pressing on the neck from behind the patient, will allow you to see if it is enlarged
what does the thyroid gland secrete?
thyroid hormones T3 and T4
what position in the neck is the thyroid gland?
C5-T1
what do thyroid hormones do?
- raise the basal metabolic rate
- influences synthesis of proteins
- responsible for nerve growth/development
- essential for the development of cells in the body
what links the right and left thyroid gland lobes?
isthmus
what is the pyramidal lobe?
embryological remnant of where the thyroid gland developed from in the floor of the mouth – at the foramen caecum of the tongue
what is the name of the fibrous remnant left near the thyroid gland?
levator glandulae thyroidae
what is the surgery which removes the parathyroid glands?
thyroidectomy
how many parathyroid glands do most people have?
4, 2 superior and 2 inferior
how does the parathyroid gland increase blood calcium?
- Increasing absorption from the gut
- Increasing absorption from the kidney
- Increased activity of osteoblasts – break down bone and release calcium
what are the nerves of the anterior triangle?
- vagus
- phrenic
- hypoglossal
what does the phrenic nerve innervate?
C3,4,5 innervates diaphragm
what does the vagus nerve innervate?
Motor – innervates the muscles of the larynx, pharynx and soft palate
Parasympathetic – smooth muscle of the trachea, bronchi (slows breathing), slows heart rate and increases gut motility
Special sensory fibres – innervation for taste sensation in the epiglottis and root of the tongue
General sensory – internal aspect of larynx and the ear canal. Also provides visceral sensory innervation to the heart and abdominal structures.
what does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?
majority of tongue muscles
what are important vessels found in the anterior triangle?
- common carotid artery
- jugular veins
what are the nerves of the posterior triangle?
- accessory
- parts of branchial plexus
- cutaneous cervical nerves
how do you clinically test accessory nerve?
shrug shoulders
look left and right
what does the accessory nerve supply of the posterior triangle?
sternoclaidomastoid and trapezius
trapezius
what does the brachial plexus innervate?
C5-T1 motor and sensory innervation to upper limbs
describe lymph nodes
Small oval to bean-shaped structures.
They filter lymph.
Offer defence against the spread of infection.
Returned to larger veins.
Many sites of lymph nodes.
what do superficial lymph nodes do?
drain face, neck and scalp and pass to the superficial ring of lymph nodes at the junction of head and neck
