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BDS1 BAMS human systems > alimentary overview and mouth > Flashcards

alimentary overview and mouth Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four components of teeth?

A
  • enamel
  • dentin
  • cementum
  • dental pulp
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2
Q

what are the interchangeable names for the digestive tract?

A
  • gastrointestinal tract
  • alimentary system
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3
Q

what is the function of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

digestion (process food) and absorption (transfer nutrients into the circulation)

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4
Q

what are the two groups of organs in the gastrointestinal tract?

A
  • digestive organs
  • accessory organs
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5
Q

what are the accessory organs in the gastrointestinal tract?

A

salivary glands, gallbladder, liver and pancreas

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6
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder?

A

helps store and concentrate bile , produced by the liver, and helps fat digestion

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7
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

muscular tube which food and water (12-15cm)

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8
Q

what is the oesophagus?

A

muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach (passes behind the heart)

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9
Q

where does the major portion of digestion occur?

A

the stomach

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10
Q

where is the stomach loacted?

A

the upper left section of the abdomen

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11
Q

what is the function of the stomach?

A

secretes acid and enzymes that start digestion

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12
Q

how in saliva involved in digestion?

A

the enzyme amylase from saliva digests in the oral cavity

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13
Q

what is the name of churned food and drink?

A

chyme

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14
Q

where does chyme go after the stomach?

A

through a sphincter or tight circular muscular structure, into the small intestine

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15
Q

what are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jenjunum and ileum
becomes less digestion and more absorption as you move along

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16
Q

what is in the duodenum?

A

secretions of pancreas and bile- help with fat digestion- pancreas secretions also help digestion of proteins, starch and other carbs

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17
Q

what does the pancreas secrete which helps maintain an alkaline pH?

A

bicarbonate rich fluids

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18
Q

what does the pancreas secrete which helps maintain an alkaline pH?

A

bicarbonate rich fluids

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19
Q

what colour does H&E stain nuclei?

A

blue

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20
Q

what colour does H&E stain cytoplasm and ECM?

A

pink

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21
Q

what is the structure of the GIT?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis propria
  • adventitia/serosa
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22
Q

what is the function of the mucosa?

A

lines all the cavities of the body and surface of internal organs

23
Q

what makes up the mucosa?

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria muscalaris mucosa
24
Q

what is the muscularis mucosae made of?

A

smooth muscle

25
Q

what does the submucosa contain?

A

dense irregular connective tissue and blood vessels, nerves & lymphatics

26
Q

what is the muscularis propria composed of?

A

inner circular smooth muscle and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

27
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

the movement of food by contraction and relaxation

28
Q

what is the type of epithelium in the oral cavity, pharynx and oesophagus?

A

non-keratinised (prevents oesophagus from drying out) stratified squamous- protective

29
Q

what is barrett’s oesophagus?

A

If there is continual reflux of acid from the stomach into the oesophagus, this can potentially damage the lining epithelium of the oesophagus.
This is because acid, normally located in the stomach, and controlled there, passes into the oesophagus, and should not be there. This condition of reflux is called gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and is associated with heartburn, regurgitation or indigestion. If this continues, it can cause the cells of the lower oesophagus to change to columnar.

30
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

the change in one differentiated cell type to another

31
Q

what is the change in epithelium at the gastro-oesophageal junction?

A

stratified squamous to simple columnar

32
Q

what are the secretions of the stomach?

A

acid, mucous and enzymes (aid digestion)

33
Q

what type of epithelium is in the small intestine?

A

villi simple columnar

34
Q

what is the function of villi in the small intestine?

A

increase surface area for absorption

35
Q

what is coeliac disease?

A
  • a condition where the immune system attacks your own body tissue when you eat gluten, damaging the gut so you are unable to absorb nutrients
  • it results in villous atrophy- reduce in villi, reducing the surface area available for absorption
  • hyperplastic crypts (crypts are grooves between villi) is when the grooves become elongated affecting absorption
  • increase in inflammatory cells
36
Q

what is the purpose of the epithelium in the large intestine?

A

absorb water and secrete mucous

37
Q

what is the function of mucous in the large intestine?

A

ensures that as the indigestible material passes towards the rectum and anal canal for expulsion as faeces, that the epithelium does not get damaged

38
Q

what is the function of mucous in the large intestine?

A

ensures that as the indigestible material passes towards the rectum and anal canal for expulsion as faeces, that the epithelium does not get damaged

39
Q

what is the function of vitamin K?

A

blood clotting

40
Q

what is Crohn’s disease?

A

a life-long condition that results in inflammation of the lining of the digestive or alimentary system. It can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract and results in inflammation and collections of granulomas or lymphoid infiltrates that are transmural or across the wall of the bowel and alimentary system

41
Q

what is ulcerative colitis?

A

inflammation in the colon and rectum only and ulcers can develop, or break down of the epithelium. This can in turn lead to recurrent bouts of diarrhoea, abdominal pain and needing to go to the toilet frequently

42
Q

what are the alimentary system activities?

A

secretion
digestion
motility
absorption
excretion

43
Q

what does the alimentary system secrete?

A
  • saliva
  • bile
  • gastric juice
  • pancreatic juice
  • intestinal juice
  • faeces
44
Q

what are the categories within digestion?

A
  • mechanical (breakdown of particles and mixing)
  • chemical (enzymes eg HCL break molecules down from complex to simple)
45
Q

what are the different motility processes in the alimentary system?

A
  • chewing
  • swallowing
  • churning
  • peristalsis
  • defaecation
46
Q

what are the sensory functions of the mouth?

A

general
- nociception
- mechanoreception
- thermoreception
special
- gustation

47
Q

what are the motor functions of the mouth?

A

feeding and communication

48
Q

what are the jaw muscles of the mouth?

A
  • temporalis
  • masseter
49
Q

what is the facial muscle of the mouth?

A
  • orbicularis oris
  • buccinator
50
Q

what are the salivary glands?

A
  • paratoid (serous)
  • submandibular (seromucinous)
  • sublingual (mucinous)
51
Q

what are the exocrine secretions of the mouth?

A

salt and water
mucous
amylase

52
Q

what are the exocrine secretions of the mouth?

A

salt and water
mucous
amylase

53
Q

what are clinical problems surrounding the salivary glands?

A
  • mumps (enlarged parotid gland0
  • sialolithiases (salivary gland stones)
  • sialodenitis (inflammation of salivary glands)
  • tumours eg parotid (facial nerve)

BDS1 BAMS human systems (47 decks)

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