alimentary overview and mouth

Question 1

what are the four components of teeth?

Answer 1

• enamel
• dentin
• cementum
• dental pulp

Question 2

what are the interchangeable names for the digestive tract?

Answer 2

• gastrointestinal tract
• alimentary system

Question 3

what is the function of the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 3

digestion (process food) and absorption (transfer nutrients into the circulation)

Question 4

what are the two groups of organs in the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 4

• digestive organs
• accessory organs

Question 5

what are the accessory organs in the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 5

salivary glands, gallbladder, liver and pancreas

Question 6

what is the function of the gallbladder?

Answer 6

helps store and concentrate bile , produced by the liver, and helps fat digestion

Question 7

what is the pharynx?

Answer 7

muscular tube which food and water (12-15cm)

Question 8

what is the oesophagus?

Answer 8

muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach (passes behind the heart)

Question 9

where does the major portion of digestion occur?

Answer 9

the stomach

Question 10

where is the stomach loacted?

Answer 10

the upper left section of the abdomen

Question 11

what is the function of the stomach?

Answer 11

secretes acid and enzymes that start digestion

Question 12

how in saliva involved in digestion?

Answer 12

the enzyme amylase from saliva digests in the oral cavity

Question 13

what is the name of churned food and drink?

Answer 13

chyme

Question 14

where does chyme go after the stomach?

Answer 14

through a sphincter or tight circular muscular structure, into the small intestine

Question 15

what are the three parts of the small intestine?

Answer 15

duodenum, jenjunum and ileum
becomes less digestion and more absorption as you move along

Question 16

what is in the duodenum?

Answer 16

secretions of pancreas and bile- help with fat digestion- pancreas secretions also help digestion of proteins, starch and other carbs

Question 17

what does the pancreas secrete which helps maintain an alkaline pH?

Answer 17

bicarbonate rich fluids

Question 18

what does the pancreas secrete which helps maintain an alkaline pH?

Answer 18

bicarbonate rich fluids

Question 19

what colour does H&E stain nuclei?

Answer 19

blue

Question 20

what colour does H&E stain cytoplasm and ECM?

Answer 20

pink

Question 21

what is the structure of the GIT?

Answer 21

• mucosa
• submucosa
• muscularis propria
• adventitia/serosa

Question 22

what is the function of the mucosa?

Answer 22

lines all the cavities of the body and surface of internal organs

Question 23

what makes up the mucosa?

Answer 23

• epithelium
• lamina propria muscalaris mucosa

Question 24

what is the muscularis mucosae made of?

Answer 24

smooth muscle

Question 25

what does the submucosa contain?

Answer 25

dense irregular connective tissue and blood vessels, nerves & lymphatics

Question 26

what is the muscularis propria composed of?

Answer 26

inner circular smooth muscle and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

Question 27

what is peristalsis?

Answer 27

the movement of food by contraction and relaxation

Question 28

what is the type of epithelium in the oral cavity, pharynx and oesophagus?

Answer 28

non-keratinised (prevents oesophagus from drying out) stratified squamous- protective

Question 29

what is barrett's oesophagus?

Answer 29

If there is continual reflux of acid from the stomach into the oesophagus, this can potentially damage the lining epithelium of the oesophagus. This is because acid, normally located in the stomach, and controlled there, passes into the oesophagus, and should not be there. This condition of reflux is called gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and is associated with heartburn, regurgitation or indigestion. If this continues, it can cause the cells of the lower oesophagus to change to columnar.

Question 30

what is metaplasia?

Answer 30

the change in one differentiated cell type to another

Question 31

what is the change in epithelium at the gastro-oesophageal junction?

Answer 31

stratified squamous to simple columnar

Question 32

what are the secretions of the stomach?

Answer 32

acid, mucous and enzymes (aid digestion)

Question 33

what type of epithelium is in the small intestine?

Answer 33

villi simple columnar

Question 34

what is the function of villi in the small intestine?

Answer 34

increase surface area for absorption

Question 35

what is coeliac disease?

Answer 35

- a condition where the immune system attacks your own body tissue when you eat gluten, damaging the gut so you are unable to absorb nutrients - it results in villous atrophy- reduce in villi, reducing the surface area available for absorption - hyperplastic crypts (crypts are grooves between villi) is when the grooves become elongated affecting absorption - increase in inflammatory cells

Question 36

what is the purpose of the epithelium in the large intestine?

Answer 36

absorb water and secrete mucous

Question 37

what is the function of mucous in the large intestine?

Answer 37

ensures that as the indigestible material passes towards the rectum and anal canal for expulsion as faeces, that the epithelium does not get damaged

Question 38

what is the function of mucous in the large intestine?

Answer 38

ensures that as the indigestible material passes towards the rectum and anal canal for expulsion as faeces, that the epithelium does not get damaged

Question 39

what is the function of vitamin K?

Answer 39

blood clotting

Question 40

what is Crohn's disease?

Answer 40

a life-long condition that results in inflammation of the lining of the digestive or alimentary system. It can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract and results in inflammation and collections of granulomas or lymphoid infiltrates that are transmural or across the wall of the bowel and alimentary system

Question 41

what is ulcerative colitis?

Answer 41

inflammation in the colon and rectum only and ulcers can develop, or break down of the epithelium. This can in turn lead to recurrent bouts of diarrhoea, abdominal pain and needing to go to the toilet frequently

Question 42

what are the alimentary system activities?

Answer 42

secretion digestion motility absorption excretion

Question 43

what does the alimentary system secrete?

Answer 43

- saliva - bile - gastric juice - pancreatic juice - intestinal juice - faeces

Question 44

what are the categories within digestion?

Answer 44

- mechanical (breakdown of particles and mixing) - chemical (enzymes eg HCL break molecules down from complex to simple)

Question 45

what are the different motility processes in the alimentary system?

Answer 45

- chewing - swallowing - churning - peristalsis - defaecation

Question 46

what are the sensory functions of the mouth?

Answer 46

general - nociception - mechanoreception - thermoreception special - gustation

Question 47

what are the motor functions of the mouth?

Answer 47

feeding and communication

Question 48

what are the jaw muscles of the mouth?

Answer 48

- temporalis - masseter

Question 49

what is the facial muscle of the mouth?

Answer 49

- orbicularis oris - buccinator

Question 50

what are the salivary glands?

Answer 50

- paratoid (serous) - submandibular (seromucinous) - sublingual (mucinous)

Question 51

what are the exocrine secretions of the mouth?

Answer 51

salt and water mucous amylase

Question 52

what are the exocrine secretions of the mouth?

Answer 52

salt and water mucous amylase

Question 53

what are clinical problems surrounding the salivary glands?

Answer 53

- mumps (enlarged parotid gland0 - sialolithiases (salivary gland stones) - sialodenitis (inflammation of salivary glands) - tumours eg parotid (facial nerve)