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BDS1 BAMS human systems > Growth And Ageing > Flashcards

Growth And Ageing Flashcards

1
Q

What is an increase in cell numbers called?

A

Hyperplasia

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2
Q

What is an increase in cell size called?

A

Hypertrophy

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3
Q

Give an example of a cell type which cannot grow/regenerate

A

Neuron

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4
Q

What are some factors which can affect growth?

A
  • genes (heredity)
  • environment (nutrition, disease, growth factors eg hromones)
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5
Q

What is the order in growth between the brain, height and reproductive organ?

A
  • brain first
  • then height/ reproductive organs
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6
Q

Do all cells regenerate and grow at the same rate?

A

No
Eg RBC take 120 days, but skin/mucosa cells are faster and some eg neurones can’t regenerate at all

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7
Q

What are hormones which influence growth?

A
  • thyroid hormones
  • growth hormones
  • sex hormones
  • insulin
  • cortisol
  • vitamin D
  • parathyroid hormone
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8
Q

Describe the role of the thyroid hormone in growth

A
  • essential for protein synthesis in brain of fetus/infant
  • required for normal development of neurons
  • needed for childhood growth
  • indirect effect on growth
  • facilitates actions of growth hormone and sympathetic NS
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9
Q

Which hormone is essential for protein synthesis in the brain of fetus/infant?

A

Thyroid hormones

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10
Q

Which hormone facilitates the actions of growth hormone and sympathetic NS?

A

Thyroid hormones

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11
Q

Which hormone has an indirect effect on growth?

A

Thyroid hormones

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12
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Deficiency of thymidine hormones

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13
Q

What are consequences of hypothyroidism in a fetus?

A
  • sparse hair
  • large tongue
  • permanent mental impairments (impedes brain/skeletal development and growth)
  • delays tooth eruption
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14
Q

What can be used to treat hypothyroidism?

A
  • growth defects can be rectified by thyroxine supplements
  • may not be a complete recovery
  • extent of recovery varies with onset and duration of the hypothyroid state
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15
Q

Describe the role of growth hormone in growth

A
  • metabolic and growth-promoting actions
  • main growth-promoting effects in postnatal period, infancy and adolescence
  • mainly indirect metabolic actions (increase in blood glucose, decrease in glucose uptake in cells, lipolysis, facilitates uptake of amino acids for protein synthesis)
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16
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

Making fatty acids available for energy production

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17
Q

Which hormone has its greatest growth-promoting effects in postnatal period, infancy and adolescence?

A

Growth hormone

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18
Q

What are the metabolic actions of growth hormone?

A
  • increases blood glucose
  • decreases glucose uptake by cells
  • increases lipolysis
  • facilitates amino acid uptake for protein synthesis
19
Q

Dwarfism types

A
20
Q

Describe the role of sex hormones in growth

A
  • testosterone and oestrogens
  • responsible for pubertal growth spurt
  • effects are mediated by increased secretion of growth hormone and IGF-1
  • stimulate bone growth but accelerate closure of epiphyseal growth plates
  • testosterone has anabolic effects on protein synthesis, increasing muscle bulk
  • testosterone is the anabolic steroid
21
Q

What is the anabolic steroid?

A

Testosterone

22
Q

What are the effects of sex hormones mediated by?

A

Growth hormone and IGF-1

23
Q

What hormones are responsible for pubertal growth spurt?

A

Sex hormones

24
Q

What is IGF-1?

A

Insulin like growth factors

25
Q

Where is IGF- 1 produced?

A

Liver

26
Q

What are the effects of IGF-1?

A
  • in cartilage, bone, soft tissues, viscera
  • IGF-1 leads to cartilage proliferation in long bones until epiphyses close
27
Q

What are epiphyses?

A

Growth centres

28
Q

Describe the role of insulin in growth

A
  • indirect
  • promotes foetal growth
  • promoting postal-natal growth by stimulating IGF-1 secretion
  • facilitating protein synthesis (making glucose available for energy production)
29
Q

Describe the role of cortisol in growth

A
  • stimulates protein catabolism
  • suppresses bone regrowth and promotes bone resorption (osteoporosis)
  • raised level of cortisol in stress and illness accounts for growth retarding effects of childhood illnesses
30
Q

Which hormone if present in higher than normal levels can inhibit growth?

A

Cortisol

31
Q

Describe the role of vit D and parathyroid hormone in growth

A
  • ensuring adequate amounts of calcium and phosphate are available for bone formation
32
Q

Which hormone is responsible for Ca2+ absorption in the gut?

A

Vitamin D

33
Q

Which hormone raises plasma Ca2+ levels?

A

Parathyroid hormones

34
Q

What is the effect of excess growth hormone in childhood?

A

Accelerated normal growth
- gigantism

35
Q

What is the effect of excess growth hormone in adults?

A

Hands, feet and jaw increase in bulk
- acromegaly
- appositional growth occurs in extremities

36
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Increase in bone diameter

37
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Rare condition in which the body produces too much growth hormone causing body tissues and bone to grow at increased rate

38
Q

What could the effects of a tumour of the pituitary gland be?

A
  • enlarged sella turcica
  • increased growth of mandible
39
Q

What is achnodroplasia?

A

Defective cartilage growth

40
Q

What has happened to lifespan?

A
  • more people living to old age
  • population average age has increased
41
Q

What are the factors which influence an individuals lifespan?

A
  • genetics
  • environment (good nutrition, lifestyle, absence of disease)
42
Q

Describe the biology of ageing

A
  • decline in ability of cells to divide overtime
  • as they decline there is an accumulation of damage (errors in protein synthesis, abnormal proteins, damage to organelles)
  • free radicals, shortening of telomeres
43
Q

When does apoptosis occur?

A
  • in development eg tooth germ, nervous system
  • to replace worn out cells
  • to destroy tumour cells

BDS1 BAMS human systems (47 decks)

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