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BDS1 BAMS human systems > cardiovascular system overview > Flashcards

cardiovascular system overview Flashcards

1
Q

where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?

A

right atrium

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2
Q

what does deoxygenated blood enter the heart through?

A

the superior vena cava (head, neck and upper limbs)
the inferior vena cava (below heart and lower limbs)

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3
Q

what is the valve inbetween the right atrium and ventricle?

A

the tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve

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4
Q

what is the valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery?

A

pulmonary valve

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5
Q

where does the pulmonary artery carry blood?

A

away from heart to the lungs

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6
Q

where does oxygenated blood enter the heart?

A

the left atrium

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7
Q

what does oxygenated blood enter the heart through?

A

the pulmonary veins

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8
Q

what is the valve between the left atrium and ventricle?

A

the mitral (bicuspid) valve

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9
Q

what is the valve between the left ventricle and aorta?

A

the aortic valve

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10
Q

where does the aorta carry blood?

A

to the body

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11
Q

what are fossa ovalis?

A

embryological remnant (groove/depression) of the patent fossa ovalis in foetal life. That used to allow blood to flow between the right atrium and the left atrium

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12
Q

what are aortic sinuses?

A
  • dilatations just above the aortic valve
  • there are 3 of these and from 2 arise the left and right coronary arteries
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13
Q

what is the function of the aortic sinuses?

A

provide space behind the open aortic leaflets so that the leaflets do not occlude the coronary artery orifices

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14
Q

what is the circulatrory system?

A

Organ system transporting oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients etc.

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15
Q

what are the two loops in the circulatory system?

A
  • pulmonary circulation
  • systemic circulation
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16
Q

describe the pulmonary circulation loop

A
  • Lungs
  • Oxygen depleted blood
  • Passes from heart to lungs
  • Returns oxygenated blood to heart
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17
Q

describe the systemic circulation loop

A
  • Body
  • Oxygen rich blood
  • Passes from heart to rest of body
  • Returns deoxygenated blood to heart
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18
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A

the compartment that runs the length of the thoracic cavity between the pleural sacs of the lungs

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19
Q

what are the parts of the mesiastinum?

A
  • superior
  • inferior (anterior, middle and posterior)
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20
Q

what are the boundaries for the superior mediastinum?

A

upper- T1
lower- sternal angle

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21
Q

what does the superior mediastinum contain?

A
  • aortic arch
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22
Q

what does the anterior mediastinum contain?

A
  • fat
  • thymus
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23
Q

what does the middle mediastinum contain?

A
  • heart
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24
Q

what does the posterior mediastinum contain?

A
  • aorta
  • oesophagus
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25
Q

what is pericardium?

A

the two layered, protective, fluid-filled sac around the heart

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26
Q

what are the two layers of the pericardium?

A
  • fibrous layer
  • serous layer
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27
Q

what is the function of the fibrous layer of the pericardium?

A
  • outer layer
  • anchors heart to diaphragm
  • prevents rapid overfilling of the heart
  • restricts if there is an accumulation of fluid- pericardial effusion
28
Q

what is the function of the serous layer of the pericardium?

A
  • has an outer parietal layer and inner viscous layer
  • produces pericardial fluid (pericardial space) that lubricates your heart as it beats, reducing friction
  • fatty inside layer has coronary arteries
29
Q

what happens of the coronary arteries are blocked?

A
  • myocardial infarction (heart attack)
30
Q

what is the function of the coronary arteries?

A

they supply the heart muscle with blood

31
Q

where do the R and L pulmonary arteries branch from?

A

the pulmonary trunk

32
Q

where do the coronary arteries branch from?

A

the aorta

33
Q

what arteries branch off of the aorta?

A
  • coronary arteries- to heart
  • brachiocephalic trunk- to head and neck
  • left common carotid artery- to head and neck
  • left subclavian artery- to upper limbs
34
Q

what allows blood to bypass the liver to the inferior vena cava in fetal circulation?

A

the ductus venosus

35
Q

what does the ductus venosus become at birth?

A

the ligamentum venosus

36
Q

what allows blood flow from the right to left atrium in fetal circulation?

A

foramen ovale

37
Q

what creates a shortcut to avoid the fetus’s non-working lungs?

A

the ductus arteriosus (links pulmonary trunck with the aorta

38
Q

what carries deoxygenated blood back to the placenta in fetal circulation?

A

umbilical arteries

39
Q

what is the right atrial appendage?

A
  • additional part of the right atrium
  • typically used as the site for an external pacemaker to be positioned
40
Q

what is crista terminalis?

A
  • at the opening of the right atrial appendage
  • the site of origin of the pectinate muscles
41
Q

what is the musculi pectinati?

A

allow for stretch and improve the volume of the right atrium

42
Q

what is the orifice of the coronary sinus?

A
  • opening of coronary sinus
  • where venous blood from the heart enters
43
Q

how much thicker is the left ventricle then the right?

A

3 times thicker (also thicker capillary muscles and trabeculae carnae)

44
Q

why is the left ventricle thicker than the right?

A

it has to pump blood into the systemic circulation (rest of body)

45
Q

what is a intraventricular/interatrial septum?

A

hole in the heart

ASD/VSD – present at birth. Small holes sometimes close themselves, and larger ones will compromise the lungs and heart due to increased blood pressure.

AVSD – require surgery as it will compromise the patient leading to problems breathing, racing heart, weak pulse and cyanosed (blue) and tiring easily.

46
Q

how many leaflets does the tricuspid valve have?

A

3

47
Q

how many leaflets for the mitral valve have?

A

2

48
Q

describe the positioning of the heart valves

A

Tricuspid (3 leaflets) and mitral (2 leafelts) are posterior and the aortic and pulmonary vales are more anterior.

49
Q

what is the lub sound of the heart?

A

closure of atrioventricular valves, at same time of ventricular systole

50
Q

what is the bud sound of the heart?

A

the closure of semilunar valves, at same time as atrial systole

51
Q

what are the semilunar valves?

A

aortic and pulmonary

52
Q

what are chordae tendinae?

A

are the heart strings that connect to the papillary muscles and prevent the mitral and tricuspid vales flipping back into the atria during ventricular contraction (systole)

53
Q

which valves require chordae tendinae?

A

mitral and tricuspid

54
Q

which valves do not have chordae tendinae and why?

A

the semilunar valves as gravity closes them

55
Q

describe infective endocarditis

A

Most common is subacute bacterial endocarditis
Occurs on rheumatic or congenitally abnormal valves
Can affect prosthetic valves
Due to many organisms (streptococcus viridans/staphylococcus aureus)
Can be a result of dental abscess
Variety of presentations
A murmer (stenosis or regurgitation) can be present due to valvular vegetations

56
Q

what are end arteries?

A

only supply oxygenated blood to a specific portion of tissue. These vessels exist in the spleen (splenic artery), liver, intestines, ends of digits, ears, nose and penis

57
Q

what type of artery are coronary arteries?

A

end arteries

58
Q

what is ischaemia?

A
  • coronary artery disease
  • when your coronary arteries become narrowed by a build-up of fatty material within their walls
  • causing collateral circulation to develop
  • this is new blood vessel growth to pass around the area of reduced blood supply
59
Q

what is angina pectoris?

A

chest pain related to coronary artery disease

60
Q

what is infarction?

A

heart attack due to lack of oxygen
- Anterior IV branch of LCA (40-50%)
- RCA (30-40%)
- Circumflex branch of LCA (15-20%)

61
Q

what is the longest vein of the body?

A

saphenous vein

62
Q

what is a coronary artery bypass graft?

A
  • surgical procedure used to treat coronary heart disease
  • diverts blood around narrowed or clogged parts of the major arteries to improve blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart
  • saphenous vein, internal mammary artery or internal thoracic artery used
63
Q

what is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

sinoatrial node- generates electrical signals

64
Q

what is the function of the moderator band?

A

allows for more rapid conduction across to the anterior papillary muscle and helps with conduction times

65
Q

what are purkinje fibres?

A

are specialized conducting fibres, bigger than cardiac myocytes and create a synchronised contraction across the ventricles, thus maintaining our regular heart rate

BDS1 BAMS human systems (47 decks)

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