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BDS1 BAMS human systems > liver and pancreas > Flashcards

liver and pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pancreas?

A
  • “Dual purpose” gland- two parts, two functions (endocrine portion and exocrine portion)
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2
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

hormonal
- islets of langerhans
- insulin (promotes glucose absorption from blood into liver, skeletal muscle and fat cells. This enables the conversion to glycogen - i.e. storage of glucose in this form)
- glucagon (opposite of insulin, results in the conversion of the stored glycogen into glucose for release into the bloodstream when levels are low)
- somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretions

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3
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

(99% of pancreas is exocrine)
digestive
- digestive enzymes (help break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats)
- bicarbonate ions

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4
Q

what are the enzymes found in the pancreas and where are they from?

A

(from acinus)
- amylase
- lipase
- trypsin, chymotripsin
- nucleases

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5
Q

what is the function of bicarbonate in the pancreas and where is it from?

A
  • from ducts
  • neutralises gastric acid
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6
Q

what is the function of enzyme amylase?

A

breaks down starch into sugars

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7
Q

what is the function of enzyme lipase?

A

involved in the breakdown of fats into monoglyceride and fatty acids

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8
Q

what is the function of enzyme trypsin?

A

secreted in its inactive form of trypsinogen. The trypsin secreted breaks down or hydrolyses proteins. Chymotrypsin arises from the inactive chymotrypsinogen. Chymotrypsin, the active form, breaks down proteins and polypeptides.

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9
Q

what is the function of enzyme trypsin?

A

secreted in its inactive form of trypsinogen. The trypsin secreted breaks down or hydrolyses proteins. Chymotrypsin arises from the inactive chymotrypsinogen. Chymotrypsin, the active form, breaks down proteins and polypeptides.

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10
Q

what is the function of enzyme nucleases?

A

break down nucleotides

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11
Q

what are the 5 parts of the pancreas?

A
  • head
  • ucinate process
  • neck
  • body
  • tail
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12
Q

describe the head of the pancreas

A

the widest part of the pancreas. It lies within the C-shaped curve created by the duodenum and is connected to it by connective tissue

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13
Q

describe the ucinate process of the pancreas

A

a projection arising from the lower part of the head and extending medially to lie beneath the body of the pancreas. It lies posterior to the superior mesenteric vessels

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14
Q

describe the neck of the pancreas

A

located between the head and the body of the pancreas. It overlies the superior mesenteric vessels which form a groove in its posterior aspect

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15
Q

describe the body of the pancreas

A

centrally located, crossing the midline of the human body to liebehind the stomach and to the left of the superior mesenteric vessels

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16
Q

describe the tail of the pancreas

A

the left end of the pancreas that lies within close proximity to the hilum of the spleen. It is contained within thesplenorenal ligamentwith the splenic vessels. This is the only part of the pancreas that isintraperitoneal

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17
Q

what are the duodenal papillae?

A

The major duodenal papilla serves as the common entrance for the bile and pancreatic ducts, whereas the minor duodenal papilla is the entrance for the accessory pancreatic ducts into the duodenum.

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18
Q

what makes up the islet of langerhans of the pancreas?

A
  • alpha cells (15%) - glucagon
  • beta cells (80%) - insulin
  • delta cells - somatostatin
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19
Q

what are the clusters of cells in the exocrine pancreas called?

A

acini

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20
Q

what are acini connected by?

A

short intercalated discs

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21
Q

what links to intralobular ducts and what do they do?

A

acini link to intralobular ducts which ultimately drain to the pancreatic duct

22
Q

what are centroacinar cells?

A

spindle shaped and are extensions of intercalated ducts into each pancreatic acinus. They typically secrete bicarbonate and mucin.

23
Q

in what part of the pancreas does cystic fibrosis occur?

A

exocrine

24
Q

describe cystic fibrosis

A
  • an inherited autosomal recessive condition affecting the lungs
  • Abnormal, thick secretions
  • Damage to lungs, liver and pancreas
  • Destruction of primarily exocrine pancreas
    • reduced digestive function
    • malabsorption
    • steatorrhoea
  • Can affect the salivary glands
25
Q

what is nail clubbing?

A
  • a deformity of the fingers and toe nails
  • associated with a number of conditions of the heart and lungs
  • loss of the angle of the nail bed of <165° angle between the nailbed and the fold
  • increased convexity of the nail fold followed by thickening of the distal thumb.
26
Q

describe pancreatic cancer

A
  • Head of pancreas typically
  • Loss of appetite orweight loss, without trying, feeling tired or lethargic, abdominal pain,
  • Biliary obstruction –blocks bile and pancreas secretions
  • Obstructive jaundice – yellowing of skin and sclera. It is a symptom rather than a disease in itself. It is a build up of bilirubin which is not excreted, and typically they have pale stools also (steatorrhoea)
  • Metastasis – spread to other sites eg liver
27
Q

what are the functions of the liver?

A
  • Metabolism
    • material absorbed from G.I.T. (detoxifies all)
    • storage of glycogen
    • release of glucose
      (regulates blood glucose levels)
  • Protein synthesis (including clotting factors and platelet regulations)
  • Inactivation of hormones, drugs
  • Excretion of waste
  • Produces bile
28
Q

what is the liver?

A

major organ, around 1.5kg, red-brown in colour

29
Q

how does the liver act as an accessory organ for digestion?

A

produces bile, which goes on to be stored and concentrated in the gallbladder

30
Q

describe the importance of the liver being involved in drug metsbolsim

A

It inactivates hormones and drugs, as well as insulin and many waste products and is heavily involved in drug metabolism, and sometimes this can be of detriment when the product of metabolism is more toxic than the initial compound e.g. paracetamol.

31
Q

where is the liver located?

A

in the upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm, and on top of the stomach, right kidney, and intestines, and extends over to the left (specifically it lies in the right hypochondrium, extending to the epigastric region and then to the left hypochondrium)

32
Q

what does the liver have the largest of in our body?

A

gland

33
Q

what is the liver covered by?

A

lower ribs and costal cartilages

34
Q

what is the falciform ligament?

A

embryological remnant of ventral mesentery – attaches intestines to the posterior abdominal wall

35
Q

what is the round ligament?

A

remnant of the umbilical vein. Sometimes continuous with this is the ligamentum venosum, the fibrous remnant of the ductus venosus. The ducts venosus directs blood in foetal life

36
Q

what is the dual supply to the liver?

A

the hepatic portal vein (deoxygenated, brings nutrients) from the gut, spleen and related organs (approximately 75%). The hepatic arteries account for 25% of that blood flow, and this artery provides the oxygenated blood for the liver. Blood from these two flow past hepatocytes in large capillaries called sinusoids which drain to the hepatic vein (inferior vena cava). Bile flows in the opposite direction.

37
Q

what are liver cells called and what do they produce?

A

hepatocytes produce bile

38
Q

what is the liver made up of that contain hepatocytes?

A

hexagonal hepatic lobules

39
Q

what do bile salts/acids do?

A

help cholesterol metabolism and aid absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

40
Q

what are bile salts?

A

lipid emulsifiers

41
Q

what is bilirubin?

A

a breakdown product of red blood cell metabolism, and normally is excreted in faeces (which gives it’s brown colour), and urine its straw yellow colour

42
Q

what is the function of the hepatic portal vein?

A
  • carries blood from the gut (GIT), pancreas, spleen to the liver
  • drains unpaired abdominal organs
  • almost all material absorbed from the GIT enters the HPV, passes through the liver and is processed
43
Q

why is the hepatic portal vein not a true vein?

A

it conducts blood to the capillaries of the liver not the heart

44
Q

what veins form hepatic portal vein?

A

the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric vein and splenic veins

45
Q

where does the hepatic portal vein receive blood from?

A

the inferior mesenteric vein, superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein (stomach and gall bladder)

46
Q

what do sinodoid capillaries have compared to normal capillaries?

A

larger diameter, specialised lining endothelial cells which clear blood waste and Kupffer cells which are specialised macrophages

47
Q

what are some conditions which can arise from the liver?

A
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Cirrhosis
  • Viral hepatitis
  • Obstructive jaundice
  • Hepatic carcinoma
48
Q

what is hepatomegaly?

A

enlarged liver and is a sign of underlying problems eg with the liver itself, or perhaps cardiac failure or cancer metastasis. it presents with abdominal pain, Fatigue, Nausea and vomiting, Jaundice. Many conditions cause this.

49
Q

what is cirrhosis?

A

scarring or fibrosis of liver. Inflammation like hepatitis or chronic alcoholism

50
Q

what is obstructive jaundice?

A

a SYMPTOM where normal drainage of bile from the liver to the small intestines is blocked

51
Q

what is hepatic carcinoma?

A

most common primary liver cancer, and linked to chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. May need surgery, liver transplant or chemotherapy.

BDS1 BAMS human systems (47 decks)

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