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BDS1 BAMS human systems > blood > Flashcards

blood Flashcards

1
Q

what is the blood composed of?

A

cells and plasma

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2
Q

what are the cells in the blood?

A
  • red blood cells 99%
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
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3
Q

what is another word for red blood cells?

A

erythrocytes

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4
Q

what is another word for white blood cells?

A

leucoctyes

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5
Q

what is another word for platelets?

A

thrombocytes

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6
Q

what makes up the plasma?

A
  • extracellular fluid
  • water
  • electrolytes
  • organic molecules
  • glucose
  • fatty acids
  • amino acids
  • plasma protein
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7
Q

what are proteins in the plasma?

A
  • albumins
  • globulins
  • fibrinogen
  • regulatory proteins
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8
Q

what % of plasma proteins are albumins?

A

60%

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9
Q

what % of plasma proteins are globulins?

A

35%

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10
Q

what % of plasma proteins are fibrinogen?

A

4%

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11
Q

what % of plasma proteins are regulatory proteins?

A

1%

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12
Q

what is the function of albumin proteins in the plasma?

A
  • oncotic pressure and transport of lipids
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13
Q

what is the function of globulin proteins in the plasma?

A
  • transport ions, hormones, lipids
  • immune function
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14
Q

what is the function of fibrinogen proteins in the plasma?

A
  • blood clotting
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15
Q

what are the regulatory proteins in the plasma?

A
  • enzymes
  • hormones
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16
Q

what does blood volume depend on?

A

individual’s size (males have more)

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17
Q

what % of blood is plasma?

A

55%

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18
Q

what % of blood do cells make up?

A

45%

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19
Q

describe red blood cells

A
  • Biconcave disc shape
  • 6-8 μm diameter
  • Shape gives large surface area relative to volume.
  • Permits rapid gas (O2, CO2) transfer across cell
    membrane
  • Allows RBC to ‘bend’ in narrow capillaries.
  • Biconcave shape enable RBC to expand to accommodate
    fluid in hypotonic solutions.
  • ‘Older’ RBC are more ‘fragile’ in hypotonic solutions.
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20
Q

what is commonly seen in blood film staining?

A

missing centres due to halo effect

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21
Q

where are red blood cells formed?

A

red bone marrow

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22
Q

what is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?

A

120 days

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23
Q

what happens to old red blood cells?

A

they are removed from the circulation and broken down by the mononuclear phagocyte system (spleen)

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24
Q

what mainly makes up the mononuclear phagocyte system?

A

spleen

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25
Q

what is haemoglobin?

A

a protein- iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in red blood cells

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26
Q

what is the mononuclear phagocyte system?

A

also known previously as the reticuloendothelial system, part of the immune system . This helps form new blood cells, removes old red blood cells, forms bile pigments and plasma proteins and helps to store iron.

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27
Q

where is bilirubin conjugated?

A

the liver

28
Q

what is bilirubin excreted as?

A

bile pigement

29
Q

what is transferrin?

A

glycoprotein that mediates the transportation of iron

30
Q

what % of blood cells formed are ineffective?

A

10%

31
Q

what happens to the blood cells formed that are ineffective?

A

go through haemolysis

32
Q

what is hamolysis?

A

destruction

33
Q

what is the process that produces red blood cells?

A

erythropoesis

34
Q

what regulates erthropoesis?

A

erythropoietin- glycoprotein cytokine

35
Q

what happens to the cells during erythropoesis?

A

there’s a reduction in cell size and regression of nucleus requiring folic acid and vitamin B12 and increases in haemoglobin requiring iron

36
Q

describe the stages following a decrease in red blood cell numbers

A
  • less oxygen delivery to cells
  • less oxygen delivered to kidney
  • erythropoietin released
  • red bone marrow
  • increase in red blood cell production
36
Q

describe the stages following a decrease in red blood cell numbers

A
  • less oxygen delivery to cells
  • less oxygen delivered to kidney
  • erythropoietin released
  • red bone marrow
  • increase in red blood cell production
37
Q

what are the functions of haemoglobin?

A

transport oxygen
transport of carbon dioxide
- carbonic anhydrase
- bicarbonate production
- carbamino compounds

38
Q

describe the structure of haemoglobin

A

Globular protein
- molecular weight= 64,000 daltons
- 2 α & 2 β protein chains (diag)
- 4 haeme groups:
– Porphyrin ring (4C, 1N)
– Iron atom in middle, C and H around
- Fe reversibly binds O2
- 200-300 Hb molecules / RBC
- (Foetus has Hb-F)

39
Q

describe the trend in the Hb-O2 dissociation curve

A

Oxygen saturation increases rapidly with small increases of partial pressure of O2 to a point of saturation of the haemoglobin at 98%

40
Q

what are the two classifications of white blood cells?

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

41
Q

what is the difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes?

A

granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm

42
Q

what are examples of granulocytes?

A
  • neutrophil 50-70%
  • basophil 1%
  • eosinophil 2-4%
43
Q

what are examples of agranulocytes?

A
  • monocyte 2-8%
  • lymphocyte 25-30%
44
Q

what is the function of neutrophil white blood cells?

A
  • acute inflammation
  • phagocytic
  • non-specific defence
45
Q

what is the function of basophil white blood cells?

A
  • circulating mast cells
  • produce heparin
  • histamine
46
Q

what is the function of lymphocyte white blood cells?

A
  • cell-mediated immunity T
  • humoral immunity (antibody producing) B
47
Q

what is the structure of a neutrophil?

A
  • Multi-lobed nucleus with condensed chromatin
  • 12-14 micrometres in diameter
  • lifespan of a few days
  • basophilic (dark staining)
  • few organelles
48
Q

what is the structure of a eosinophil?

A
  • 12-17 micrometres in diameter
  • larger than the neutrophil
  • bi-lobed nucleus, but can further segment with age
  • eosinophilic cytoplasm
  • Defend against parasites especially works and maintain inflammatory responses eg allergic rhinitis
49
Q

what is the structure of a basophil?

A
  • least common leucocyte
  • intermediate in size as 14-16 micrometres between neutrophils and eosinophils
  • Bilobed nucleus, very basophilic granules
  • Formed in bone marrow
50
Q

what is the structure of a monocyte?

A
  • Monocytes are the largest of the white cells (up to 20 µm in diameter) and constitute from 2% to 10% of leucocytes in peripheral blood.
  • They circulate for 3 to 4 days on average before migrating into tissues.
  • These cells are motile, highly phagocytic and may mature in tissues into tissue residentmacrophagesof varying kinds with extended lifespans.
  • Monocytes are characterised by a large, eccentrically placed nucleus which stains less intensely with more open chromatin than other leucocytes.
  • Nuclear shape is variable but often with a deep indentation in the nucleus near to the centre of the cell, giving a horseshoe shape. Two or more nucleoli may be visible.
  • Cytoplasm is abundant and stains pale greyish-blue. There are numerous small, purple-stained lysosomal granules and cytoplasmic vacuoles which confer a ‘frosted-glass’ appearance.
  • Monocytes circulate in the blood. They respond to chemotaxic signals from damaged tissue, microorganisms and inflammation by migration into the tissues and differentiation intomacrophages
51
Q

describe the structure of a lymphocyte

A

Most circulating lymphocytes measure 6 to 9 µm (i.e. about the same size as erythrocytes) and are calledsmall lymphocytes. About 3% arelarge lymphocytes, measuring 9 to 20 µm.

52
Q

what are platelets derived from?

A

megakaryocytes- large bone marrow cell

53
Q

describe platelets

A

Involved in haemostasis (stopping blood- for clotting)
Release vasoconstrictors (Thromboxane A2 (TxA2))
Form platelet plug
Source of phospholipid (‘platelet factor’) for coagulation.
Normal platelet count = 150-400 x 109 / litre

54
Q

what do erythrocytes carry on their membranes?

A

antigens

55
Q

what are antigens?

A

substances which can cause an immune response

56
Q

which antigens are important in relation to blood transfusion?

A
  • AB antigens
  • Rhesus antigens
57
Q

what determines the blood group/type of an individual?

A

the presence/absence of AB/Rh antigens on erythrocyte membranes

58
Q

what are the natural antibodies to group A phenotype?

A

anti-B

59
Q

what are the natural antibodies to group B phenotype?

A

anti-A

60
Q

what are the natural antibodies to group O phenotype?

A

anti-A and anti-B

61
Q

what % of people are rhesus positive?

A

83%

62
Q

what happens if a Rh-negative person receives Rh-positive blood?

A

they develop anti-Rh antibodies- don’t affect the person but can affect their children

63
Q

describe Rh-incompatibility

A
  • If Rh-negative person receives Rh-positive blood, they will develop anti-Rh antibodies.
  • These antibodies will not affect the recipient, because they have no Rh-antigen.
  • However, if an Rh- female conceives Rh+ foetus, some of the fetal RBCs can enter maternal circulation at birth.
  • Anti-Rh antibodies are formed.
  • These can attack and haemolyse the RBCs of a subsequent Rh+ foetus.
    – Haemolytic disease of the newborn
64
Q

what blood transfusion should patients ideally be given?

A

blood compatible with their group

65
Q

why, in emergencies, can O- blood be given to anyone?

A

Gp O = Universal donor (This notion is now being challenged, as the situation is very complex.)
Similarly, a Group AB person can receive blood of any other group as Gp AB = Universal recipient.

66
Q

where is red bone marrow found?

A

in spongy bone- ends of bones

BDS1 BAMS human systems (47 decks)

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