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BDS1 BAMS human systems > senses and perception > Flashcards

senses and perception Flashcards

1
Q

what is the required input for tactile input?

A
  • quality (type of touch)
  • magnitude, intensity
  • duration, timing
  • location
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2
Q

how does a stimulus reach the brain?

A

action potential through modality-specific sensory receptors

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3
Q

describe the structure of a sensory nerve cell

A
  • cell body
  • axon with a receptor ending (periphery) and central terminal (CNS)
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4
Q

what are the three categories within sensory mechanisms?

A
  • types of receptors
  • transduction of stimulus
  • coding of stimulus properties
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5
Q

what type of receptor does a mechanical stimulus act on and what is the sensation?

A

mechanoreceptor, touch

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6
Q

what type of receptor does a thermal stimulus act on and what is the sensation?

A

thermoreceptor, temperature

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7
Q

what type of receptor does a noxious stimulus act on and what is the sensation?

A

nociceptor, pain

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8
Q

what type of receptor does a chemical stimulus act on and what is the sensation?

A

chemoreceptor, taste/smell

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9
Q

what type of receptor does a light stimulus act on and what is the sensation?

A

photoreceptor, sight/vision

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10
Q

describe free nerve endings

A
  • unspecialised
  • characteristic nociceptors
  • pain stimuli
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11
Q

what are the different types of receptor endings in the skin?

A
  • free nerve ending
  • mechanoreceptors:
    meissners corpuscle
    merkel disk
    hair follicle receptor- deflection of hair
    pacinian corpuscle- vibration, slip
    ruffini endings- vibration, slip
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12
Q

what defines a neuron’s receptive field?

A

distribution of the receptor endings

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13
Q

what ensures complete coverage of our external areas with sensory neurons?

A

overlapping receptive fields

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14
Q

are all receptive fields similar in size?

A

no, varies in regions eg small on fingertips and periphery, large on limbs and proximal surfaces

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15
Q

what is two point discrimination?

A

the ability to discern two separate mechanical stimuli from eachother

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16
Q

what does two point discrimination allow?

A
  • a measure of spatial resolution
  • an indication of receptive field size
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17
Q

when stimuli are in two different receptor fields, what is felt?

A

sensation at two different points

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18
Q

what happens when there are two stimuli in one receptor field?

A

the sensation is only felt at one point

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19
Q

what is the temporal sequence of stimulus tranduction?

A
  • stimulus to skin
  • activation or appropriate receptor ending
  • change in receptor membrane permeability
  • influx of cations
  • membrane depolarisation (receptor potential)
  • if sufficient, causes an action potential
  • action potential relayed to CNS
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20
Q

what is the normal value for resting potential?

A

-70mV

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21
Q

what are the receptor subtypes?

A
  • ionotropic
  • G-coupled
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22
Q

what are the properties of ionotrphic receptors?

A
  • fast kinetics
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23
Q

what are the properties of G-protein coupled receptors?

A
  • slow kinetics
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24
Q

what are the modalities of ionotrophic receptors?

A

mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors

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25
Q

what are the modalities of G-protein coupled receptors?

A

chemoreceptors

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26
Q

how is a stimuli transduced in ionotrophic mechanoreceptors?

A
  • ion pore in cell membrane
  • closed when inactive
  • becomes active on a mechanical stimulus due to deformation of cell membrane
  • pore opens and sodium and potassium can flow
  • leads to an action potential
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27
Q

how is a stimuli transduced in ionotrophic chemoreceptors?

A
  • ion pore in cell membrane
  • too narrow when inactive
  • ligand binding receptor sites on extracellular side
  • when bound to, pore is activated and opens wider
  • sodium and potassium ions can flow
  • can generate an action potential
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28
Q

how is a stimuli transduced in G-protein coupled chemoreceptors?

A
  • pore through cell membrane
  • ligand binding site on extracellular membrane
  • binding causes activation of the pore via intracellular proteins
  • sodium and potassium can flow
  • can generate an action potential
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29
Q

why is a G-protein coupled receptor stimulus slower?

A

more complex to open pore for action potential

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30
Q

what codes for the quality of the stimulus?

A

type of receptor

31
Q

what codes for the magnitude and intensity of the stimulus?

A
  • ap frequency
  • no. neurons activated
32
Q

what codes for the duration and timing of the stimulus?

A

duration of the ap firing

33
Q

what codes for the location of the stimulus?

A

receptor field

34
Q

what is the difference between slowly adapting and rapidly adapting responses?

A

slow- high frequency of ap at beginning of stimulus which slowly decreases
rapid- very high frequency of ap at beginning of stimulus then stops

35
Q

what is the topographical representation of the brain?

A

each receptor in different areas connects to a different area in the brain

36
Q

what is another name for a sensory neuron?

A

afferents

37
Q

whats another name for a motor neuron?

A

efferents

38
Q

where is the cell body of an efferent?

A

CNS

39
Q

what is a fasicle?

A

large bundle of axons

40
Q

what surrounds each fasicle?

A

tough connective tissue called epineurium

41
Q

what surrounds each individual fasicle?

A

perineurium

42
Q

what surrounds each individual axon (some)?

A

myelin sheath

43
Q

what are the vascular components of nerves?

A

blood vessels

44
Q

what are the categories within myelinated axons?

A

A alpha
A beta
A delta

45
Q

what is the name for an unmyelinated axon?

A

C

46
Q

where are A alpha axons commonly present?

A

propioreceptors of skeletal muscle

47
Q

where are A beta axons commonly present?

A

mechanoreceptors in the skin

48
Q

where are A delta axons commonly present?

A

pain, temperature

49
Q

which axons conduct their action potentials fastest?

A

A alpha

50
Q

where are unmyelinated axons commonly present?

A

temperature, pain, itch

51
Q

which axon has the largest diameter?

A

A alpha

52
Q

what are the subdivisions of the grey matter of the spine?

A
  • dorsal horn
  • intermediate horn
  • ventral horn
53
Q

what is a dorsal root ganglia?

A

a collection of neuronal cell bodies of sensory neurons

54
Q

how many pairs of dorsal root ganglia are there?

A

31

55
Q

what does the dorsal root contain?

A

only the centrally projecting axons of sensory neurons

56
Q

where do motor efferents exit the spine?

A

ventral roots

57
Q

what does the segmentation of the spine allow for?

A

generation of a dermatome map

58
Q

what type of axons do the opthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve have?

A

sensory

59
Q

what type of axons are present in the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A

motor and sensory

60
Q

what are the steps of the sensory pathway?

A

1st neuron- pheriphary into CNS
2nd neuron- CNS brainstem to axon terminal at thymus
3rd neuron- thalamus of sensory cerebral cortex

61
Q

mid line boundary

A
62
Q

what do areas of the body with high sensory innervation have?

A

greater cortical representation

63
Q

what is the pathway for somatic mechanosensation?

A

dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

64
Q

how many nerurons are in each sensory pathway?

A

three

65
Q

what is the pathway for the trigeminal nerve?

A

neuron 1- face to brainstem
neuron 2- brainstem to thalamus
neuron 3- thalamus to sensory cortex

66
Q

what is the name of the pathway of the mechanoreception of the face?

A

dorsal trigeminothalamic pathway

67
Q

what is the name of the pathway involved in pain reception?

A

spinothalamic pathway

68
Q

what are the nueron locations of the spiothalamic pathway?

A

neuron one- receptor to dorsal horn
neuron two- dorsal horn to thalamus
neuron 3- thalamus to sensory cortex

69
Q

what is the name of the pathway of neurons from facial pain?

A

ventral trigeminothalmic pathway

70
Q

what is a sensation?

A

the process of sensing our environment by activation of sensory receptors and associated sensory pathways

71
Q

what is perception?

A

interpretation of sensation

72
Q

what is steroegnosis?

A

the mental perception of objects referenced by touch
- involves high degree of cortical processing

73
Q

what is propioception?

A

the sense of self-movement and body position
- balance organs in inner ear
- muscle and joint receptors
- mechanoreceptos eg skin stretching
- periodontal receptors

BDS1 BAMS human systems (47 decks)

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