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BDS1 BAMS human systems > senses and perception > Flashcards

senses and perception Flashcards

1
Q

what is the required input for tactile input?

A
  • quality (type of touch)
  • magnitude, intensity
  • duration, timing
  • location
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2
Q

how does a stimulus reach the brain?

A

action potential through modality-specific sensory receptors

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3
Q

describe the structure of a sensory nerve cell

A
  • cell body
  • axon with a receptor ending (periphery) and central terminal (CNS)
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4
Q

what are the three categories within sensory mechanisms?

A
  • types of receptors
  • transduction of stimulus
  • coding of stimulus properties
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5
Q

what type of receptor does a mechanical stimulus act on and what is the sensation?

A

mechanoreceptor, touch

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6
Q

what type of receptor does a thermal stimulus act on and what is the sensation?

A

thermoreceptor, temperature

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7
Q

what type of receptor does a noxious stimulus act on and what is the sensation?

A

nociceptor, pain

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8
Q

what type of receptor does a chemical stimulus act on and what is the sensation?

A

chemoreceptor, taste/smell

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9
Q

what type of receptor does a light stimulus act on and what is the sensation?

A

photoreceptor, sight/vision

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10
Q

describe free nerve endings

A
  • unspecialised
  • characteristic nociceptors
  • pain stimuli
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11
Q

what are the different types of receptor endings in the skin?

A
  • free nerve ending
  • mechanoreceptors:
    meissners corpuscle
    merkel disk
    hair follicle receptor- deflection of hair
    pacinian corpuscle- vibration, slip
    ruffini endings- vibration, slip
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12
Q

what defines a neuron’s receptive field?

A

distribution of the receptor endings

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13
Q

what ensures complete coverage of our external areas with sensory neurons?

A

overlapping receptive fields

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14
Q

are all receptive fields similar in size?

A

no, varies in regions eg small on fingertips and periphery, large on limbs and proximal surfaces

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15
Q

what is two point discrimination?

A

the ability to discern two separate mechanical stimuli from eachother

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16
Q

what does two point discrimination allow?

A
  • a measure of spatial resolution
  • an indication of receptive field size
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17
Q

when stimuli are in two different receptor fields, what is felt?

A

sensation at two different points

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18
Q

what happens when there are two stimuli in one receptor field?

A

the sensation is only felt at one point

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19
Q

what is the temporal sequence of stimulus tranduction?

A
  • stimulus to skin
  • activation or appropriate receptor ending
  • change in receptor membrane permeability
  • influx of cations
  • membrane depolarisation (receptor potential)
  • if sufficient, causes an action potential
  • action potential relayed to CNS
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20
Q

what is the normal value for resting potential?

A

-70mV

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21
Q

what are the receptor subtypes?

A
  • ionotropic
  • G-coupled
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22
Q

what are the properties of ionotrphic receptors?

A
  • fast kinetics
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23
Q

what are the properties of G-protein coupled receptors?

A
  • slow kinetics
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24
Q

what are the modalities of ionotrophic receptors?

A

mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors

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25
what are the modalities of G-protein coupled receptors?
chemoreceptors
26
how is a stimuli transduced in ionotrophic mechanoreceptors?
- ion pore in cell membrane - closed when inactive - becomes active on a mechanical stimulus due to deformation of cell membrane - pore opens and sodium and potassium can flow - leads to an action potential
27
how is a stimuli transduced in ionotrophic chemoreceptors?
- ion pore in cell membrane - too narrow when inactive - ligand binding receptor sites on extracellular side - when bound to, pore is activated and opens wider - sodium and potassium ions can flow - can generate an action potential
28
how is a stimuli transduced in G-protein coupled chemoreceptors?
- pore through cell membrane - ligand binding site on extracellular membrane - binding causes activation of the pore via intracellular proteins - sodium and potassium can flow - can generate an action potential
29
why is a G-protein coupled receptor stimulus slower?
more complex to open pore for action potential
30
what codes for the quality of the stimulus?
type of receptor
31
what codes for the magnitude and intensity of the stimulus?
- ap frequency - no. neurons activated
32
what codes for the duration and timing of the stimulus?
duration of the ap firing
33
what codes for the location of the stimulus?
receptor field
34
what is the difference between slowly adapting and rapidly adapting responses?
slow- high frequency of ap at beginning of stimulus which slowly decreases rapid- very high frequency of ap at beginning of stimulus then stops
35
what is the topographical representation of the brain?
each receptor in different areas connects to a different area in the brain
36
what is another name for a sensory neuron?
afferents
37
whats another name for a motor neuron?
efferents
38
where is the cell body of an efferent?
CNS
39
what is a fasicle?
large bundle of axons
40
what surrounds each fasicle?
tough connective tissue called epineurium
41
what surrounds each individual fasicle?
perineurium
42
what surrounds each individual axon (some)?
myelin sheath
43
what are the vascular components of nerves?
blood vessels
44
what are the categories within myelinated axons?
A alpha A beta A delta
45
what is the name for an unmyelinated axon?
C
46
where are A alpha axons commonly present?
propioreceptors of skeletal muscle
47
where are A beta axons commonly present?
mechanoreceptors in the skin
48
where are A delta axons commonly present?
pain, temperature
49
which axons conduct their action potentials fastest?
A alpha
50
where are unmyelinated axons commonly present?
temperature, pain, itch
51
which axon has the largest diameter?
A alpha
52
what are the subdivisions of the grey matter of the spine?
- dorsal horn - intermediate horn - ventral horn
53
what is a dorsal root ganglia?
a collection of neuronal cell bodies of sensory neurons
54
how many pairs of dorsal root ganglia are there?
31
55
what does the dorsal root contain?
only the centrally projecting axons of sensory neurons
56
where do motor efferents exit the spine?
ventral roots
57
what does the segmentation of the spine allow for?
generation of a dermatome map
58
what type of axons do the opthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve have?
sensory
59
what type of axons are present in the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve?
motor and sensory
60
what are the steps of the sensory pathway?
1st neuron- pheriphary into CNS 2nd neuron- CNS brainstem to axon terminal at thymus 3rd neuron- thalamus of sensory cerebral cortex
61
mid line boundary
62
what do areas of the body with high sensory innervation have?
greater cortical representation
63
what is the pathway for somatic mechanosensation?
dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway
64
how many nerurons are in each sensory pathway?
three
65
what is the pathway for the trigeminal nerve?
neuron 1- face to brainstem neuron 2- brainstem to thalamus neuron 3- thalamus to sensory cortex
66
what is the name of the pathway of the mechanoreception of the face?
dorsal trigeminothalamic pathway
67
what is the name of the pathway involved in pain reception?
spinothalamic pathway
68
what are the nueron locations of the spiothalamic pathway?
neuron one- receptor to dorsal horn neuron two- dorsal horn to thalamus neuron 3- thalamus to sensory cortex
69
what is the name of the pathway of neurons from facial pain?
ventral trigeminothalmic pathway
70
what is a sensation?
the process of sensing our environment by activation of sensory receptors and associated sensory pathways
71
what is perception?
interpretation of sensation
72
what is steroegnosis?
the mental perception of objects referenced by touch - involves high degree of cortical processing
73
what is propioception?
the sense of self-movement and body position - balance organs in inner ear - muscle and joint receptors - mechanoreceptos eg skin stretching - periodontal receptors

BDS1 BAMS human systems (47 decks)

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