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anatomy > Voluntary Motor Control > Flashcards

Voluntary Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

In simple terms, what is voluntary motor control?

A

Brain tells muscle to move in a certain way.

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2
Q

What is a motor unit made up of?

A

A motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibres.

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3
Q

What are the skeletal muscle fibres in the motor unit innervated by?

A

The motor neuron’s axonal terminals.

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4
Q

Groups of motor ______ often work together to _____ the ______ of a single muscle.

A

Units, coordinate, contraction.

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5
Q

What are all the motor units within a muscle considered as?

A

A Motor Pool.

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6
Q

All muscle fibres of a motor unit are innervated by one_____.

A

Motor neurone.

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7
Q

Each motor neurone _____ many muscle _____ within the same muscle.

A

Innervates, Fibres.

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8
Q

There are 3 types of motor unit, what are they related to?

A
  • The size of motor neurone
  • The number of muscle fibres innervated
  • Mechanical Properties of the fibres.
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9
Q

Name the 3 types of Motor unit.

A
  • Large αMN
  • Medium αMN
  • Small αMN
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10
Q

Muscle fibres of different motor units are _______.

A

Intermingled.

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11
Q

Why are different motor units intermingled?

A

So the forces applied to the tendon remain roughly balanced regardless of which motor units are simulated.

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12
Q

What are muscle properties determined by?

A

The proportion and type of motor units they contain.

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13
Q

Name the two types of muscle.

A
  • Fast Muscle

- Slow Muscle.

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14
Q

What colour are fast muscle fibres?

A

Pale.

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15
Q

When simulated, fast muscles contract _______.

A

Rapidly.

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16
Q

What colour are slow muscle fibres?

A

Red.

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17
Q

When simulates, slow muscles contract ______.

A

Slowly.

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18
Q

What are slow twitch muscles also known as?

A

Type I

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19
Q

Do slow twitch muscles have high or low fatigue?

A

They have Low Fatigue (think long distance athlete).

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20
Q

What type of muscle has the highest fatigue?

A

Fast Twitch Glycolytic (Type IIB)

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21
Q

What are the muscle fibres between Type III and Type IIB called?

A

Type IIA or Fast Twitch Oxidative muscles.

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22
Q

What is multiple motor unit summation known as?

A

Motor Unit Recruitment.

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23
Q

In a whole muscle or group of muscles, how is smooth motion and increasing tension produced?

A

By slowly increasing the size or number of motor units stimulated.

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24
Q

Define what is meant by the “Size Principle”.

A

Under normal circumstances, smaller motor units are recruited to movement before larger ones :)

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25
Q

More effort means that more _______ _____ will have to be _______. What will this result in?

A

Motor Units, recruited.

This will result in more tension/force produced.

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26
Q

What does increased activity result in?

A

Increased Motor Unit recruitment.

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27
Q

When is maximum tension achieved?

A

When all motor units reach tetanus.

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28
Q

Maximum tension can only be sustained for a ________ time.

A

Very short.

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29
Q

White/pale muscles are mostly _____ fibres.

A

Fast.

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30
Q

Red muscles are usually what type of fibres?

A

Slow fibres.

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31
Q

What speed do fast fibres contract at?

A

Fast Fibres contract very quickly.

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32
Q

Do fast fibres have a larger or smaller diameter than slow fibres?

A

Fast fibres have a larger diameter than slow fibres.

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33
Q

Fast fibres have _____ glycogen reserves.

A

Large.

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34
Q

How many mitochondria do fast fibres have?

A

They have few mitochondria.

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35
Q

True or False?

Fast fibres have poor oxidative enzyme capacity.

A

True.

36
Q

True or False?

Fast fibres have poor anaerobic enzyme activity.

A

FALSE, Fast fibres have HIGH anaerobic enzyme activity.

37
Q

Name the fibre:

It has strong contractions and fatigues quickly.

A

Fast Fibres.

38
Q

What famous person should be associated with Fast Fibres?

A

Usain Bolt.

39
Q

Name the fibre:

Slow to contract and slow to fatigue.

A

Slow Fibres.

40
Q

Is the diameter of slow twitch muscle fibres small or large?

A

Small diameter.

41
Q

Slow twitch muscle have a ____ oxygen supply.

A

High.

42
Q

True or False?

Slow fibres have a large oxidative enzyme activity.

A

True.

43
Q

Do slow fibres have low or high anaerobic enzyme activity?

A

Low.

44
Q

What do Slow twitch muscles importantly contain, giving them their red appearance?

A

Myoglobin.

45
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

A Red Pigment that Binds to Oxygen.

46
Q

IIA fibres are known as what?

A

Intermediate Fibres.

47
Q

Intermediate Fibres are in between ______ and ______ fibres. (nearer to IIb fibres)

A

Slow, Fast.

48
Q

What size are intermediate fibres?

A

Mid-Sized.

49
Q

Intermediate fibres have _____ Myoglobin.

A

Low.

50
Q

Why are intermediate fibres slower to fatigue tan fast fibres?

A

Because they have more capillaries than fast fibres.

51
Q

Intermediate fibres have intermediate _____ capacity.

A

Oxidative.

52
Q

Do intermediate fibres have a high or low anaerobic enzyme activity?

A

High :)

53
Q

What famous person should we associate with slow twitch muscles?

A

Mo Farah.

54
Q

What is age related muscle atrophy called?

A

Sarcopenia.

55
Q

What is atrophy?

A

The loss of motor units.

56
Q

With age, there seems to be a loss of what?

A

Loss of the large motor units.

57
Q

In the elderly, what does the loss of the large motor units result in?

A

It means fast and high force movements are difficult for the elderly.

58
Q

Elderly people are often bent forward due to what?

A

Sarcopenia (age related muscle atrophy).

59
Q

There is ______ specialisation in movement.

A

Regional.

60
Q

What motor acts does the cerebral cortex specialise in?

A

Complex and Skilled Motor Acts.

61
Q

What area specialises is Postural, protective, Reflex and locomotion movements?

A

Spinal Cord.

62
Q

What does the Basal Ganglia specialise in?

A

Initiation of motor behaviour.

63
Q

What movements does the brain stem specialise in?

A

Breathing, Chewing, swallowing and eye movements.

64
Q

There are 3 main_________ _____ from the brain stem that perform basic function in movement, name them.

A

Descending Tracts.
Rubrospinal (RbS)
Reticulospinal (Rs)
Vestibulospinal (Vs)

65
Q

Name the tract that is responsible for:

  • Transmission of commands for skilled movements
  • Corrections of motor patterns generated by the spinal cord.
A

Rubrospinal (Rbs)

66
Q

Name the tract that is responsible for:

  • Activation of spinal motor programs for stepping and other stereotypic movement
  • Control of upright body posture.
A

Reticulospinal (Rs)

67
Q

The generation os tonic activity in anti-gravity muscles in controlled by what descending tract?

A

Vestibulospinal (Vs) Tract.

68
Q

What happens in Convergent Information Flow in Motor Planning?

A

Information from the Sensory System is sent to the Motor System.

69
Q

What do Somatic Motor Neurons control?

A

Skeletal Muscles.

70
Q

We can pre-motor _____.

A

Plan.

71
Q

When learning a movement, we first ____ it very _______.

A

Execute, slowly.

72
Q

Why do we execute a new movement so slowly?

A

As it is not adequately programmed.

73
Q

How is a new movement performed?

A

It is performed largely by intense cerebral concentration as well as the constant updating via the cerebellum.

74
Q

With practice and consequent motor learning, a greater amount of the movement can be _______. What does this mean?

A

Programmed.

The movement can be executed more rapidly.

75
Q

With very rapid movements, what do we rely entirely on?

A

Pre-Programming.

76
Q

In pre-programming, do we think about our movements?

A

No, they are too rapid.

77
Q

With very rapid movements, what is there no time for?

A

No time for on-target correction once the movement has begun.

78
Q

In the carrying out of a skilled movement what is there an immense integration of?

A

There is an immense integration of neuronal activities in interacting dynamic loops.

79
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Sensory feedback for movement.

80
Q

Where are mirror neurons found?

A

In the premotor cortex.

81
Q

When do mirror neurons discharge?

A

Both when we are making a movement, or when we are observing a movement being performed by another.

82
Q

What is a possible explanation for how we emphasise with/ see others?

A

Mirror Neurons - we feel like we are doing the movement ourselves :)

83
Q

Name the series of events in Voluntary Movement.

A
  • Needs sensory feedback
  • This Helps brain visualise movement
  • Visualisation helps the brain to plan how to sequence a movement (motor programme)
  • Helps update and automate trained actions.
84
Q

What is Surface Electromyography (sEMG)?

A

A non-invasive technique that detects the electrical activity produced by muscles during contractions.

85
Q

What is a use of sEMG?

A

To control prosthetic devices eg. I-Limb.

anatomy (31 decks)

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