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anatomy > More on muscle :) > Flashcards

More on muscle :) Flashcards

1
Q

there are 2 categories of individual fibre types, name them.

A

Fast twitch and Slow twitch

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2
Q

Name the fibre that is called a slow fibre.

A

Type I

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3
Q

Type I are slow-______ fibres and slow-______ fibres.

A

twitch, oxidative

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4
Q

Type I fibres have large amounts of ________.

A

mitochondria

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5
Q

Type I fibres have a high _____ concentration.

A

myoglobin

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6
Q

Name the 2 types of fast fibres.

A

Type IIb and Type IIa.

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7
Q

Type IIb are fast-_____ fibres and fast-_____ fibres.

A

twitch, glycolytic

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8
Q

Type IIb fibres are _____ in diameter.

A

diameter

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9
Q

Type IIa are called _____ fibres.

A

intermediate

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10
Q

Type IIa are _____-oxidative fibres.

A

fast

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11
Q

What is Type IIa described as?

A

A hybrid of type I and type IIb, eg. in between them :)

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12
Q

What fibre types will power athletes and sprinters have a high percentage of?

A

they will have a high % of fast fibres.

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13
Q

______ athletes and ____ runners will have a high % of slow fibres.

A

endurance, distance

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14
Q

Non-athletes have ____% slow and ____% fast fibres.

A

50, 50

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15
Q

What size are Type I fibres?

A

small

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16
Q

what colour are type I fibres?

A

red

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17
Q

myoglobin brings _____ to muscles.

A

oxygen

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18
Q

Type IIa are _____ in size and are _____ in colour.

A

intermediate, pink

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19
Q

What is the myoglobin and mitochondrial content of IIa fibres?

A

Medium for both :)

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20
Q

What colour are IIb fibres and why?

A

White as they have low myoglobin concentration.

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21
Q

Type IIb fibres have low ______ content.

A

mitochondrial.

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22
Q

The resting tension in a muscle is called muscle ______.

A

tone

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23
Q

Name a sensory unit associated with a tendon that is responsible for preventing damage to the associated muscle.

A

Golgi tendon organ

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24
Q

Muscle tone is controlled by the sensory ______ ______, which measures muscle stretch.

A

muscle spindle

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25
Q

Why is muscle tone important?

A

it is important for generating reflexes,
maintaining posture and balance,
and controlling proper function of other organ systems.

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26
Q

Name the 2 muscle contraction types.

A

Isotonic contraction and Isometric contraction

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27
Q

What does isotonic contraction do?

A

It changes skeletal muscle length

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28
Q

What does isotonic contraction result in?

A

Motion

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29
Q

What happens if muscle tension is greater than the load?

A

The muscle shortens (concentric contraction)

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30
Q

What happens if muscle tension is less than load?

A

the muscle lengthens (eccentric contraction)

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31
Q

_____ contraction is when the muscle shortens to 70% of its original length.

A

Concentric

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32
Q

_____ contraction is when the muscle lengthens/elongates to 140% of its original length.

A

eccentric

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33
Q

Raising a weight during a bicep curl is an example of____ contraction.

A

concentric

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34
Q

Lowering a weight during a bicep curl is an example of ______ contraction.

A

eccentric

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35
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

The skeletal muscle develops tension but is prevented from changing length.

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36
Q

What happens to the length of the muscle during isometric contraction?

A

It stays the same.

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37
Q

_____ and _____ of contraction are inversely related.

A

load, speed.

38
Q

The heavier the load (resistance) on a muscle the ______ it takes for shortening to begin.

A

longer

39
Q

If there is a heavier the load, the less the muscle will ____.

A

shorten

40
Q

What is a muscle twitch?

A

A contraction as the result of a single stimulus.

41
Q

Name the 3 periods of muscle contraction/relaxation.

A

Latent period
contraction period
relaxation period

42
Q

How long does the latent period last for?

A

2/3 m/secs

43
Q

During contraction, what is developed?

A

Tension

44
Q

The ___ period lasts 15 m/s.

A

contraction

45
Q

how long does the relaxation period last?

A

25 m/s

46
Q

Why is there always a latent period?

A

As the muscle has to overcome lots of resistance.

47
Q

In the muscle twitch diagram right between contraction and relaxation is the highest point on the graph, what is this known as?

A

Peak Tension

48
Q

The _____ shows differences in tension over time for a twitch in different ____ muscles.

A

myogram, skeletal

49
Q

The best length-tension relationship is referred to as the muscle’s what?

A

Optimum Resting Length

50
Q

If the sarcomere is too small in length, what will happen?

A

There will be no room for sliding filament to have any effect so no tension will be produced.

51
Q

If the sarcomere is too long what will happen?

A

There will be no interaction between filaments and no tension will be produced.

52
Q

the _____ _______ length is 75%-130% of the optimal length.

A

normal sarcomere

53
Q

1.2 micrometres- 3.6 micrometres is known as a sarcomere’s ______ _______.

A

operating range.

54
Q

Name the 3 areas affecting force regulation in muscles.

A
  • The type and number of motor units recruited
  • Initial muscle length
  • Frequency of stimulation
55
Q

If there are more motor units there will be a _____ ______.

A

greater force

56
Q

If there are ______ motor units there will be a greater force.

A

fast

57
Q

What (in terms of initial muscle length) produces the greatest amount of tension?

A

Optimum Overlap

58
Q

The nature of the _____ _____ neural ______ affects force regulation.

A

motor unit, stimulation

59
Q

The ____ of stimulation affects force regulation.

A

frequency

60
Q

Name the 3 types of muscle frequencies that you can get.

A

Simple twitches, summation then tetanus.

61
Q

As we increase the frequency then the muscle won’t have as much time to ______.

A

recover

62
Q

If the stimulus is not that frequent, ____ _____ will occur.

A

simple twitches

63
Q

When the stimulus becomes slightly more frequent this will cause _______ and an increase in _____.

A

summation, force

64
Q

A very frequent stimulus results in high force, this is known as ______. But the muscles will get tired and then force will drop to nothing if overworked :)

A

tetanus

65
Q

Name the 2 receptors in muscle.

A

Muscle spindle and Golgi Tendon Organ

66
Q

What do muscle spindles detect?

A

(Dynamic and static) changes in muscle length

67
Q

___ reflexes are involved with muscle spindles.

A

stretch

68
Q

Stretch on muscle causes _____ ______.

A

reflex contraction

69
Q

What does the Golgi tendon organ monitor?

A

They monitor tension developed in muscle.

70
Q

If the Golgi tendon organ detects a change what happens?

A

The loop system kicks in.

71
Q

What does the Golgi tendon organ prevent?

A

It prevents damage during excessive force generation

72
Q

Golgi tendon organ- stimulation results in reflex ________ of muscle.

A

relaxation

73
Q

We “spot” people at the gym due to this reflex _____ of muscle if a change in tension is detected.

A

relaxation

74
Q

What is muscle fatigue?

A

When a muscle can no longer perform at the required level of activity.

75
Q

When a muscle fatigues what is there a depletion in?

A

There’s a depletion of metabolic reserves.

76
Q

During muscle fatigue there is a decline in ____ within the muscle fibre due to ______ _____ build up.

A

pH, lactic acid

77
Q

Why do you get a sense of weariness when your muscles fatigue?

A

Due to low blood pH

78
Q

____ ______ can lead to damage to the sarcolemma or sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

Muscle Fatigue

79
Q

A pathological condition can be premature muscle fatigue, what can this cause?

A

heart problems and blood loss etc.

80
Q

What is muscle atrophy?

A

The reduction in muscle fibre size, tone and power.

81
Q

What causes muscle atrophy?

A

Lack of activity (or loss of neural innervation)

82
Q

Sedentary lifestyle, bed rest and spinal cord injury can result in what?

A

Muscle Atrophy

83
Q

What is muscle hypertrophy?

A

Muscle fibre increases in diameter (aka. gains) ;)

84
Q

What causes muscle hypertrophy?

A

repeated, exhaustive stimulation- due to training

85
Q

In hypertrophy what remains the same?

A

The number of muscle fibres remain the same, just the size increases

86
Q

What would cause an increase in mitochondria, glycolytic enzymes and larger glycogen reserves?

A

Muscle hypertrophy

87
Q

The process of contraction involves firstly the ___ ______ of ________.

A

neural stimulation, sarcolemma

88
Q

What does neural stimulation of sarcolemma then cause?

A

It causes excitation-contraction coupling

89
Q

The interaction between thick and thin filaments is known as _____ ______ _________.

A

muscle fibre contraction

90
Q

What does contraction of muscle produce?

A

Tension/Force production

anatomy (31 decks)

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