Neurology- Paralysis and Movement Disorders Flashcards
What is meant by Muscle Tone.
The muscles resistance to passive stretch (Imposed movement) in resting muscles.
The more muscle tone you have, the more _____ you will be.
Defined.
What is Paralysis?
The loss of voluntary activation of muscle.
What is the loss of normal muscle tone called?
Hypotonia.
Spasticity can also be known as ________.
Hyperreflexia.
What is spasticity?
Overactive or Over responsive Reflexes
Name this:
Continuous increased tone, not velocity dependent. (inability of muscle to relax, often causing pain).
Rigidity.
What is a tremor?
The Involuntary oscillation of body part.
What is ataxia?
Poorly coordinated movement.
What does SCI stand for?
Spinal Cord Injury.
Extreme pain in the neck/pain/back, tingling, loss of sensation in hands or feet, partial loss of control of body, difficulty balancing and urinary urgency, are all symptoms of what?
Spinal Cord Injury
What does the severity of a spinal cord injury depend on?
It depends of the part of the spinal cord that is affected.
The higher the spinal cord injury, the closer it is to the _____, so the ____ effect it has on how the body moves and what one can feel,
Brain, More.
If you have a Spinal Cord Injury at a lower level what are you going to have more of?
More movement, feeling and voluntary control.
What is Tetraplegia/Quadriplegia?
Injury to C4 area causing loss of muscle strength in all 4 extremities.
__________ results from injuries to the spinal cord in the thoracic or lumbar areas, resulting in the paralysis of the ____ and lower part of the body.
Paraplegia, Legs.
The higher the spinal cord injury, the_____ loss of _______.
More, Function.
What does a complete SCI produce?
A complete SCI produces a total loss of all motor and sensory function below the level of injury.
Describe an Incomplete SCI.
An incomplete SCI is when some function remains elbow the primary level of the injury.
If a person has a spinal cord injury but is able to perhaps move one arm/leg more than the other or have more functioning on one side of the body than the other, what type of SCI is this?
Incomplete SCI.
What does Transverse Cord Lesion result in?
Total loss of all motor/sensory function in both legs/ lower portion of body.
A Hemicord lesion is anterolateral meaning that there is ______, ____ and _____ loss in one leg and _______ and ______ loss in the other leg.
Motor, Vibration, Position
Temperature, Pain.
When central cord Syndrome is a small lesion, it only affects part of the _____ where pain/temperature sense is lost.
small, arms.
What is Brown-Sequard Syndrome an example of?
A SCI hemisection.
Explain what the Brown-Sequard syndrome is (SCI Hemisection).
Pain and temperature sensation are lost on the side of the body opposite the injury.
What happens when central cord syndrome is a large lesion?
Complete loss of sensation from neck down.
What syndrome results in the complete loss of vibration and position sense?
Posterior Cord Syndrome.
What syndrome results in the complete loss of motor, pain and temperature sensation?
Anterior Cord Syndrome.
A motor impairment at what level would result in the diaphragm being affected?
C3-5 (up high).
Motor impairment at ____ affects the deltoid and biceps, the bicep reflex is lost.
C5
A motor impairment at C7 affects what muscle and reflex loss?
Triceps.
What level would affect the adductor of the 5th digit?
C8.
Motor impairment at L2-4 would affect the ______ muscles and the _____ _____ reflex would be lost.
Quadriceps, Knee jerk
____ motor impairment affects the long extensor of the great toe.
L5.
S1 motor impairment affects the ___ flexors and causes what reflex loss?
Plantar.
Loss of Angle Jerk Reflex.
Sensory impairment to C4 affects the ____. What does mean for the person?
Clavicle,
They can’t feel anything.
If you have no feeling in your 5th finger, what is the level of SCI?
C8
If there is no feeling from the nipples down, ___ has a sensory impairment.
T4
T10 affects the umbilicus ____ area.
Sensory.
If sensory impairment occurs at-
Lumbar _, this affects the Inguinal Ligament.
Lumbar ___, this is lower down and affects the anterior surface of the thigh.
1, 3.
L5 sensory impairment would mean the loss of sensation in what area?
Great toe.
S1 sensory impairment would mean that sense would be affected at the lateral aspect of the _____.
Foot.
If the sensory area, Perineum was affected, at what level would SCI have occurs?
S3-5 (low down)
What is a stroke?
Rapid death of brain tissue due to disturbance of blood supply.
What is a haemorrhagic stroke?
A blood vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeds, causing brain cell death.
What is an Ischemic stroke (most common type of stroke)?
A blood clot forms in the main artery, blocking and reducing blood supply, causing brain cell death.
What is a Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)?
A mini stroke that resolves within 24 hours, can be an early warning of full stroke risk..
What condition occurs from oxygen deprivation at birth?
Cerebral Palsy.
The effect of stroke will depend on what ______ _______ are involved.
Blood Vessels.
What can brain stem stroke lead to?
Locked in syndrome, where the patient can only move their eyes-locked in their own body.
What stroke leads to effective Spinal Cord Injury?
Spinal Cord stroke.
What are these the symptoms of?
- Severe headache
- dizzy
- confusion, trouble speaking or understanding
- bluured vision
- numbness/weakness of face, arm or leg, especially on one side of body
- loss of consciousness.
A Stroke.
What is the acronym that diagnoses a stroke?
FAST F= Face A= Arms S= Speech T= Time to call 999.
Name some common problems upon neurologically examining someone with a stroke.
- Paralysis on one side of body (face, arms, legs)
- Vision problems
- Speech problems
- Memory loss.
The longer it takes to treat a stroke, the more _____ you lose.
Brain.
Treatment time post stroke must be really ______, ideally _____ hours after the event.
Quick, 4.5 hours.
How would we treat an ischemic stroke?
- Aspirin/ Anticoagulants to prevent clotting
- Plasminogen activators (tPA) to break up clots.
Would we treat a haemorrhagic stroke with Anticoagulants?
No, this would make it worse.
For treating a haemorrhagic stroke what may be needed?
Surgical Intervention eg. Aneurism Clipping to clot the blood in order to stop the bleeding.
When is the greatest phase of recover after a stroke?
Within the first few days and weeks after the stroke.
Stroke can lead to the _____ of the face, arm. leg or entire side of body.
Paralysis.
Stroke can lead to dysphagia- what is dysphagia?
Difficulty Swallowing.
Stroke can cause poorly coordinated movement/ lack of coordination, what is the term for this?
Ataxia.
____ can lead to spasticity and contractures, mood disorders, as well as pain .
Stroke.
Stroke can cause Paraesthesia, what is meant by Paraesthesia?
Loss of sensation.
Strokes can cause ______ impairment and ______ problems.
Cognitive, Memory.
After a stroke some people may have difficulty in understanding language, name this.
Aphasia.
What is the term movement disorders used to describe?
A group of conditions/syndromes/diseases that affect the nervous system and cause abnormal voluntary and involuntary movements.
A movement disorder can result in ____ or reduced movements.
Slow.
Give an example of a movement disorder.
Parkinson’s Disease.
Explain the cause of Parkinson’s Disease.
- Loss of Dopamine from Substantia Nigra
- In response to this loss, opposite areas become overactive
- This results in a tremor.
A cardinal sign of Parkinson’s Disease is having a ____ tremor.
Rest.
Another cardinal sign of PD is Bradykinesia, what is meant by this?
Slowness of Movement.
Rigidity and Postural Instability are also cardinal signs of ______ _______.
Parkinson’s Disease.
If symptoms are supressed by _______ treatment, then the person has Parkinson’s disease.
L-DOPA.
Diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease can be further confirmed by:
-__________ or
-___________________
Both showing a reduced uptake of __________.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
or
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Dopamine.
DBS can improve Parkinson’s Disease, what is DBS?
Deep Brain Stimulation
What is the name for the small normal tremor that everybody has (its natural)?
Normal Physiological Tremor.
Normal Physiological Tremor is a _____ amplitude tremor.
Small.
What type of tremor do those with Parkinson’s Disease have?
Rest Tremor.
Postural and Kinetic tremors are examples of what tremors?
Action Tremors.
A tremor causing arms to be outreached/ arms to stretch is called a ______ tremor.
Postural.
What does a non-goal directed kinetic tremor cause?
Flexion/extension.
A finger to finger or goal directed tremor is known as an ______ tremor.
Intention.
A prosthetic _____ a body part whereas and orthotic _____ a body part.
Replaces, Helps.
After a stroke, people often go through _________ sometimes even with orthosis, in order to re-programme body _______.
Rehabilitation, Movements.
Lokomat training can help train people to ______. For example people with _____ __________.
Walk. Cerebral Palsy.
FES fires electrical charges in order to ______ the _______. What does FES stand for?
Stimulate, Muscles.
Functional Electrical Stimulation.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non invasive method using _____ fields in order to stimulate nerve cells. Used for ____, mania and ______ disorders.
Magnetic.
Depression, Movement.
