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anatomy > Neurology- Paralysis and Movement Disorders > Flashcards

Neurology- Paralysis and Movement Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by Muscle Tone.

A

The muscles resistance to passive stretch (Imposed movement) in resting muscles.

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2
Q

The more muscle tone you have, the more _____ you will be.

A

Defined.

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3
Q

What is Paralysis?

A

The loss of voluntary activation of muscle.

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4
Q

What is the loss of normal muscle tone called?

A

Hypotonia.

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5
Q

Spasticity can also be known as ________.

A

Hyperreflexia.

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6
Q

What is spasticity?

A

Overactive or Over responsive Reflexes

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7
Q

Name this:

Continuous increased tone, not velocity dependent. (inability of muscle to relax, often causing pain).

A

Rigidity.

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8
Q

What is a tremor?

A

The Involuntary oscillation of body part.

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9
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Poorly coordinated movement.

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10
Q

What does SCI stand for?

A

Spinal Cord Injury.

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11
Q

Extreme pain in the neck/pain/back, tingling, loss of sensation in hands or feet, partial loss of control of body, difficulty balancing and urinary urgency, are all symptoms of what?

A

Spinal Cord Injury

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12
Q

What does the severity of a spinal cord injury depend on?

A

It depends of the part of the spinal cord that is affected.

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13
Q

The higher the spinal cord injury, the closer it is to the _____, so the ____ effect it has on how the body moves and what one can feel,

A

Brain, More.

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14
Q

If you have a Spinal Cord Injury at a lower level what are you going to have more of?

A

More movement, feeling and voluntary control.

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15
Q

What is Tetraplegia/Quadriplegia?

A

Injury to C4 area causing loss of muscle strength in all 4 extremities.

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16
Q

__________ results from injuries to the spinal cord in the thoracic or lumbar areas, resulting in the paralysis of the ____ and lower part of the body.

A

Paraplegia, Legs.

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17
Q

The higher the spinal cord injury, the_____ loss of _______.

A

More, Function.

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18
Q

What does a complete SCI produce?

A

A complete SCI produces a total loss of all motor and sensory function below the level of injury.

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19
Q

Describe an Incomplete SCI.

A

An incomplete SCI is when some function remains elbow the primary level of the injury.

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20
Q

If a person has a spinal cord injury but is able to perhaps move one arm/leg more than the other or have more functioning on one side of the body than the other, what type of SCI is this?

A

Incomplete SCI.

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21
Q

What does Transverse Cord Lesion result in?

A

Total loss of all motor/sensory function in both legs/ lower portion of body.

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22
Q

A Hemicord lesion is anterolateral meaning that there is ______, ____ and _____ loss in one leg and _______ and ______ loss in the other leg.

A

Motor, Vibration, Position

Temperature, Pain.

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23
Q

When central cord Syndrome is a small lesion, it only affects part of the _____ where pain/temperature sense is lost.

A

small, arms.

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24
Q

What is Brown-Sequard Syndrome an example of?

A

A SCI hemisection.

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25
Q

Explain what the Brown-Sequard syndrome is (SCI Hemisection).

A

Pain and temperature sensation are lost on the side of the body opposite the injury.

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26
Q

What happens when central cord syndrome is a large lesion?

A

Complete loss of sensation from neck down.

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27
Q

What syndrome results in the complete loss of vibration and position sense?

A

Posterior Cord Syndrome.

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28
Q

What syndrome results in the complete loss of motor, pain and temperature sensation?

A

Anterior Cord Syndrome.

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29
Q

A motor impairment at what level would result in the diaphragm being affected?

A

C3-5 (up high).

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30
Q

Motor impairment at ____ affects the deltoid and biceps, the bicep reflex is lost.

A

C5

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31
Q

A motor impairment at C7 affects what muscle and reflex loss?

A

Triceps.

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32
Q

What level would affect the adductor of the 5th digit?

A

C8.

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33
Q

Motor impairment at L2-4 would affect the ______ muscles and the _____ _____ reflex would be lost.

A

Quadriceps, Knee jerk

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34
Q

____ motor impairment affects the long extensor of the great toe.

A

L5.

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35
Q

S1 motor impairment affects the ___ flexors and causes what reflex loss?

A

Plantar.

Loss of Angle Jerk Reflex.

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36
Q

Sensory impairment to C4 affects the ____. What does mean for the person?

A

Clavicle,

They can’t feel anything.

37
Q

If you have no feeling in your 5th finger, what is the level of SCI?

A

C8

38
Q

If there is no feeling from the nipples down, ___ has a sensory impairment.

A

T4

39
Q

T10 affects the umbilicus ____ area.

A

Sensory.

40
Q

If sensory impairment occurs at-
Lumbar _, this affects the Inguinal Ligament.
Lumbar ___, this is lower down and affects the anterior surface of the thigh.

A

1, 3.

41
Q

L5 sensory impairment would mean the loss of sensation in what area?

A

Great toe.

42
Q

S1 sensory impairment would mean that sense would be affected at the lateral aspect of the _____.

A

Foot.

43
Q

If the sensory area, Perineum was affected, at what level would SCI have occurs?

A

S3-5 (low down)

44
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Rapid death of brain tissue due to disturbance of blood supply.

45
Q

What is a haemorrhagic stroke?

A

A blood vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeds, causing brain cell death.

46
Q

What is an Ischemic stroke (most common type of stroke)?

A

A blood clot forms in the main artery, blocking and reducing blood supply, causing brain cell death.

47
Q

What is a Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)?

A

A mini stroke that resolves within 24 hours, can be an early warning of full stroke risk..

48
Q

What condition occurs from oxygen deprivation at birth?

A

Cerebral Palsy.

49
Q

The effect of stroke will depend on what ______ _______ are involved.

A

Blood Vessels.

50
Q

What can brain stem stroke lead to?

A

Locked in syndrome, where the patient can only move their eyes-locked in their own body.

51
Q

What stroke leads to effective Spinal Cord Injury?

A

Spinal Cord stroke.

52
Q

What are these the symptoms of?

  • Severe headache
  • dizzy
  • confusion, trouble speaking or understanding
  • bluured vision
  • numbness/weakness of face, arm or leg, especially on one side of body
  • loss of consciousness.
A

A Stroke.

53
Q

What is the acronym that diagnoses a stroke?

A 
FAST
F= Face
A= Arms
S= Speech
T= Time to call 999.
54
Q

Name some common problems upon neurologically examining someone with a stroke.

A
  • Paralysis on one side of body (face, arms, legs)
  • Vision problems
  • Speech problems
  • Memory loss.
55
Q

The longer it takes to treat a stroke, the more _____ you lose.

A

Brain.

56
Q

Treatment time post stroke must be really ______, ideally _____ hours after the event.

A

Quick, 4.5 hours.

57
Q

How would we treat an ischemic stroke?

A
  • Aspirin/ Anticoagulants to prevent clotting

- Plasminogen activators (tPA) to break up clots.

58
Q

Would we treat a haemorrhagic stroke with Anticoagulants?

A

No, this would make it worse.

59
Q

For treating a haemorrhagic stroke what may be needed?

A

Surgical Intervention eg. Aneurism Clipping to clot the blood in order to stop the bleeding.

60
Q

When is the greatest phase of recover after a stroke?

A

Within the first few days and weeks after the stroke.

61
Q

Stroke can lead to the _____ of the face, arm. leg or entire side of body.

A

Paralysis.

62
Q

Stroke can lead to dysphagia- what is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty Swallowing.

63
Q

Stroke can cause poorly coordinated movement/ lack of coordination, what is the term for this?

A

Ataxia.

64
Q

____ can lead to spasticity and contractures, mood disorders, as well as pain .

A

Stroke.

65
Q

Stroke can cause Paraesthesia, what is meant by Paraesthesia?

A

Loss of sensation.

66
Q

Strokes can cause ______ impairment and ______ problems.

A

Cognitive, Memory.

67
Q

After a stroke some people may have difficulty in understanding language, name this.

A

Aphasia.

68
Q

What is the term movement disorders used to describe?

A

A group of conditions/syndromes/diseases that affect the nervous system and cause abnormal voluntary and involuntary movements.

69
Q

A movement disorder can result in ____ or reduced movements.

A

Slow.

70
Q

Give an example of a movement disorder.

A

Parkinson’s Disease.

71
Q

Explain the cause of Parkinson’s Disease.

A
  • Loss of Dopamine from Substantia Nigra
  • In response to this loss, opposite areas become overactive
  • This results in a tremor.
72
Q

A cardinal sign of Parkinson’s Disease is having a ____ tremor.

A

Rest.

73
Q

Another cardinal sign of PD is Bradykinesia, what is meant by this?

A

Slowness of Movement.

74
Q

Rigidity and Postural Instability are also cardinal signs of ______ _______.

A

Parkinson’s Disease.

75
Q

If symptoms are supressed by _______ treatment, then the person has Parkinson’s disease.

A

L-DOPA.

76
Q

Diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease can be further confirmed by:
-__________ or
-___________________
Both showing a reduced uptake of __________.

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
or
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Dopamine.

77
Q

DBS can improve Parkinson’s Disease, what is DBS?

A

Deep Brain Stimulation

78
Q

What is the name for the small normal tremor that everybody has (its natural)?

A

Normal Physiological Tremor.

79
Q

Normal Physiological Tremor is a _____ amplitude tremor.

A

Small.

80
Q

What type of tremor do those with Parkinson’s Disease have?

A

Rest Tremor.

81
Q

Postural and Kinetic tremors are examples of what tremors?

A

Action Tremors.

82
Q

A tremor causing arms to be outreached/ arms to stretch is called a ______ tremor.

A

Postural.

83
Q

What does a non-goal directed kinetic tremor cause?

A

Flexion/extension.

84
Q

A finger to finger or goal directed tremor is known as an ______ tremor.

A

Intention.

85
Q

A prosthetic _____ a body part whereas and orthotic _____ a body part.

A

Replaces, Helps.

86
Q

After a stroke, people often go through _________ sometimes even with orthosis, in order to re-programme body _______.

A

Rehabilitation, Movements.

87
Q

Lokomat training can help train people to ______. For example people with _____ __________.

A

Walk. Cerebral Palsy.

88
Q

FES fires electrical charges in order to ______ the _______. What does FES stand for?

A

Stimulate, Muscles.

Functional Electrical Stimulation.

89
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non invasive method using _____ fields in order to stimulate nerve cells. Used for ____, mania and ______ disorders.

A

Magnetic.

Depression, Movement.

anatomy (31 decks)

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