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anatomy > Basic cells and tissues (lesson 2) > Flashcards

Basic cells and tissues (lesson 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

A cell is the basic unit of life

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2
Q

Basic cell functions are to:

  1. Obtain ____ and ______
  2. perform ______ _______
  3. Eliminate ______ _______ and ____ produce
  4. Synthesise _____ and cell ______
  5. control _____ of materials
  6. Adapt/respond to _______ change
A
  1. nutrients, oxygen
  2. chemical reactions
  3. carbon dioxide, waste
  4. proteins, components
  5. exchange
  6. environmental
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3
Q

Cells are ____ ____ of all living organisms

A

building blocks

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4
Q

Where do all cells come from?

A

The division of pre-existing cells

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5
Q

cells are the smallest units that perform vital ______ functions

A

physiological

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6
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a stable, internal environment.

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7
Q

the nucleus and the cytoplasm are part of the cell ____

A

interior

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8
Q

what 2 things does the cytoplasm contain?

A

cytosol (gel like fluid in the cytoplasm) and cell organelles

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9
Q

______ fluid is part of the cell exterior.

A

Extracellular

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10
Q

The cell membrane/plasma membrane can also be known as the _______

A

plasmalemma

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11
Q

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

A

a phospholipid bilayer with proteins and carbohydrates

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12
Q

Are the phospholipid heads hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic heads

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13
Q

Are the phospholipid tails hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic tails

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14
Q

The Functions of the cell membrane are:

  1. _____ _______
  2. _________ __ _______ with the _______
  3. _______ between the ___ and its environment
  4. ____ ______
A
  1. physical isolation
  2. regulation of exchange, environment
  3. communication, cell
  4. structural support
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15
Q

Name the barrier that surrounds the nucleus that is interrupted by nuclear pores

A

nuclear envelope/membrane

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16
Q

The nucleus contains chromatin, define chromatin.

A

Chromatin is a network of fibres made from protein and DNA

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17
Q

What happens to chromatin when a cell divides?

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

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18
Q

What structure is found in the centre of the nucleus?

A

the nucleolus

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19
Q

The nucleolus is a ______ structure composed of _____ and _____ associated with DNA.

A

coiled, RNA, proteins

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20
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It stores and transmits genetic information in the form of DNA to synthesise proteins.

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21
Q

What are membranous organelles surrounded by?

A

Lipid Membranes

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22
Q

Name 5 membranous organelles

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes and Mitochondria

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23
Q

Organelles that are not enclosed by a membrane and always in contact with the cytosol are known as ______

A

non-membranous organelles

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24
Q

Name 6 non membranous organelles

A

cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes and proteosomes

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25
Q

Describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

It’s a network of membranous channels extending throughout the cytoplasm.

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26
Q

Name the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum you can get.

A

rough er and smooth er

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27
Q

what is another name for the rough er?

A

granular er

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28
Q

what is another name for the smooth er?

A

granular er

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29
Q

The ____ ER has ribosomes attached.

A

Rough

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30
Q

what is the function of the rough ER?

A

Responsible for the packaging and transport of proteins secreted by cell or distributed to other cell organelles (discharged)

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31
Q

The smooth ER is responsible for ____ synthesis.

A

lipid

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32
Q

What is the other function of the smooth ER?

A

The storage and release of calcium for muscle contraction and other cell activities.

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33
Q

The Golgi apparatus is found near to the _____.

A

nucleus

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34
Q

Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus.

A

Stacks of flattened membranes containing chambers.

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35
Q

what are these flattened membranes of the Golgi known as?

A

cisternae

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36
Q

The function of the Golgi apparatus is the _______, ______ and _____ of _______ product and ______ enzymes. Also for transport to the ____ _______.

A

storage, alteration and packaging
secretory
lysosomal
plasma membrane

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37
Q

Name the 3 types of vesicles.

A

secretory vesicles, membrane renewal vesicles and lysosomes

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38
Q

What process do secretory vesicles perform?

A

Exocytosis, contents released to cell exterior

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39
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes are vesicles containing digestive enzymes

40
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

The intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens

41
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Vesicles containing degradative enzymes.

42
Q

The function of peroxisomes is the _______ of _____ and other organic compounds (breakdown complex molecules to form simple ones), ______ of _____ compounds generated in the process.

A

catabolism, fats, neutralisation, toxic

43
Q

What organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

A

Mitochondrion

44
Q

what is the mitochondrion the site of?

A

aerobic respiration

45
Q

mitochondria has a ______ membrane.

A

double

46
Q

The folds of the inner membrane (of the mitochondria) are known as the _____.

A

cristae

47
Q

Cristae increase the ______ _____ exposed to the fluid content of the matrix.

A

surface area

48
Q

What does the matrix contain and why?

A

metabolic enzymes to catalyse the reactions that provide energy for cellular functions.

49
Q

What type of energy is produced in the mitochondrion (95%)?

A

ATP

50
Q

Where will you find fixed ribosomes?

A

on the rough ER

51
Q

Free ribosomes are found scattered in the ______.

A

cytoplasm

52
Q

Each ribosome consists of _______ and ____ molecules.

A

protein and RNA

53
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

Its responsible for the synthesis of proteins from amino acids using information carried by RNA molecules, from DNA in the nucleus.

54
Q

The ribosome is the site of ______ synthesis.

A

Protein

55
Q

Proteins synthesised on free ribosomes pass into the ________.

A

cytosol

56
Q

Proteins synthesised on fixed ribosomes go to the ______ ________.

A

Golgi apparatus

57
Q

The centrioles direct ______ of _____in _____ ___________.

A

movement, chromosomes, cell division

58
Q

What do centrioles organise?

A

The cytoskeleton.

59
Q

The cytoplasm surrounding centrioles is the ______.

A

centrosome.

60
Q

cilia are anchored by a _____ ______.

A

basal body

61
Q

cilia assist the _____ of materials across the cell surface.

A

movement

62
Q

what is the function of protesomes?

A

To breakdown and recycle damaged or abnormal proteins.

63
Q

The cytoskeleton proteins are organised in ____ ________ or ______ _______.

A

fine filaments, slender tubes

64
Q

What does the cytoskeleton provide?

A

skeletal strength and flexibility

65
Q

what is the function of microvilli?

A

To increase the surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials.

66
Q

what does sarco have to do with?

A

Muscle

67
Q

Name the 3 types of muscle cells.

A

smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells

68
Q

smooth muscle cells are under _____ control.

A

involuntary

69
Q

Where are smooth muscle cells found?

A

in the walls of internal organs eg. blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract

70
Q

what shape are smooth muscle cells?

A

spindle shaped cells

71
Q

What do smooth muscle cells lack?

A

They lack visible striations.

72
Q

smooth muscle cells have a _____ _____ nucleus.

A

single, central

73
Q

cardiac muscle cells are under ______ control.

A

involuntary

74
Q

Where are cardiac muscle cells found?

A

in the heart

75
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are _____ cells.

A

branching

76
Q

how many nuclei do cardiac muscle cells have?

A

they have one single central nucleus

77
Q

In cardiac muscle cells are the striations invisible or visible?

A

Visible striations

78
Q

Skeletal muscle cells account for approx. ____ of our body weight.

A

40%

79
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are under ______ control.

A

voluntary

80
Q

What are skeletal muscle cells connected to and why?

A

They are connected to bones for articulation/movement.

81
Q

what shape are skeletal muscle cells?

A

They are elongated cells

82
Q

Give me information about the nucleus in skeletal muscle cells.

A

there are multiple peripheral nuclei.

83
Q

Skeletal muscle cells _____ ______ striations.

A

have visible

84
Q

Name the 4 components of muscle.

A

muscle tissue, connective tissues, nerves and blood vessels.

85
Q

myo______ > myo_______> muscle _____/fibre> ______> ______

A

myofilaments>myofibril>muscle cell/fibre>fascicle>muscle

86
Q

What are nerve cells also known as?

A

neurones

87
Q 
A typical neurone is made up of:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Cell Body
  3. Axon
  4. Axon terminals/ telodendria
88
Q

what is the neuron cell body made up of?

A

nucleus and perikaryon

89
Q

An axon may be _______ or ___-________

A

myelinated or non-myelinated

90
Q

Define myelinated

A

having a myelin sheath

91
Q

why is having a myelin sheath beneficial?

A

Its a mix of proteins and phospholipids that icrease the speed of impulse

92
Q

where are neuroglia found?

A

in the central nervous system

93
Q

Ependymal cells line _____ in the brain and the _____ canal in the _____ cord. They assist in producing, circulating and monitoring _______ ______.

A

ventricles, central, spinal

cerebrospinal fluid

94
Q

Astrocytes maintain _____-_____ barrier, provide _____ support, regulate ___, nutrient and dissolved gas ______, absorb and recycle _______ and form ____ tissue after _____.

A

blood-brain, structural, ion, concentrations, neurotransmitters, scar, injury

95
Q

________ myelinate CNS axons an provide structural framework.

A

Oligodendrocytes

96
Q

what is the function of the microglia?

A

Remove cell debris, wastes and pathogens by phagocytosis

97
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A junction between 2 nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulse pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.

anatomy (31 decks)

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