The Lungs and the Respiratory System 1. Flashcards
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
To provide extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood.
The respiratory system moves air to and from exchange surfaces to the ______.
Lungs.
What is the respiratory system’s function in protection?
It protects respiratory surfaces from the outside environment eg. pathogens.
What does the respiratory system also have a role in producing?
Producing sound.
What sense does the respiratory system participate in?
The Olfactory Sense (smell).
List the structures that the air moves from outside the body to the exchange surface inside the body (lungs) via.
- Nose
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
The air in the respiratory must be what before exchange?
It must be moistened, warmed and filtered.
Through what structure does the respiratory system provide an extensive surface for gas exchange?
Alveoli.
What are air sacs called?
Alveoli.
What is the respiratory system protected from?
- Dehydration
- Temperature Change
- Pathogens
Name some structures in the respiratory system that are responsible for protection.
- Vibrasse (nose hairs)
- Mucosal Membranes
- Surfactants (coats alveoli)
- Macrophages (big phagocyte)
Apart from structures, what else protects the respiratory system?
Reflexes such as coughing and sneezing.
The respiratory tract consists of 2 portions, Name these.
- Conducting Portion
- Respiratory Portion
What structures does the conducting portion include?
From the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles.
What is the conducting portion responsible for?
The transport of air.
What structures does the respiratory portion include?
The respiratory bronchioles and alveoli in the lungs.
What is the respiratory portion responsible for?
Gas Exchange.
What does the upper respiratory tract refer to?
Anything above the larynx.
The _____ respiratory tract refers to the larynx and below.
Lower.
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
The upper respiratory tract is structures above the larynx, list these structures.
Nose, Nasal Cavity, Paranasal sinuses and Pharynx. (NNPP).
What are the functions of the upper respiratory tract?
- To Purify, Warm and Humidify ambient air before it moves into the lower respiratory tract
- Acts as a conduction pathway for the air to move into the lower respiratory tract.
The _____ respiratory tract prepares the air.
Upper.
Where does air enter the respiratory system through?
The external nares (nostrils) of the nose.
The air goes through the nostrils and into the ______ ________.
Nasal Vestibule.
Where are the nasal hairs found?
In the nasal vestibule.
Nasal hairs are the first _______ _________ system.
Particle Filtration.
What divides the nasal cavity (into left and right)?
The nasal septum.
The superior part pf the nasal cavity is the _________ region.
Olfactory.
What does the olfactory region do?
Provides a sense of smell.
______ secretions from paranasal sinuses and tears, do what?
Mucous, clean and moisten the nasal cavity.
What do the paranasal sinuses secrete?
Mucous.
The nose has many ________.
Cartilages.
Air flow in the upper respiratory tract goes from the _____ to the _______ _____.
Vestibule, Internal Nares.
Air flows from the vestibule to the internal nares, through what?
Through Superior, Middle, Inferior Meatuses.
What are meatuses?
Meatuses are constricted passageways that produce air turbulence.
What is the role of the meatuses?
- To warm and humidify incoming air.
- Trap Particles.
Name the 2 palates.
- Hard Palate
- Soft Palate
What does the hard palate from?
The hard palate forms the floor of the nasal cavity.
What does hard palate separate?
It separates nasal and oral cavities.
What extends posterior to the hard palate?
The soft palate.
What divides the superior nasopharynx from the lower pharynx (oropharynx)?
The velum.
What do the respiratory mucosa consist of?
- An epithelial layer
- An areolar layer- called the lamina propria.
What do the respiratory mucosa line?
They line the conducting portion of respiratory system.
Respiratory mucosa act as a _____ _______.
Protective Lining.
What is the lamina propria?
Underlying layer of areolar tissue that supports the respiratory epithelium.
What do the upper respiratory system, trachea and bronchi all contain?
They all contain mucous glands.
Mucous glands _____ mucous onto the _______ surface.
Secrete, epithelial.
Smooth muscle cells are found in the _____ portion of the _____ respiratory system. What is their function?
Conducting, Lower.
They encircle lumen of bronchioles.
The ________ of the epithelial cells form a dense layer.
Cilia.
_____ cells have specialised projections called cilia.
Epithelial.
What does the movement of cilia do?
It propels the musculus across the epithelial surface.
Explain the term “Epithelium Carpet”.
The mucous traps particles and acts as a filter, dense layer of cilia= appearance of carpet :)
Where does the cilia move the mucous to?
The mucous is moved to the pharynx.
Where are the stratified squamous epithelium found?
Inferior portions of the pharynx.
Describe the structure of the epithelium found in the nasal cavity and superior portions of the pharynx.
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with Numerous Mucous Cells.
What does the respiratory defence system consist of?
A series of filtration mechanisms.
Why do we need filtration mechanisms in the respiratory system?
To remove particles and pathogens.
Name the 4 components of respiratory defence.
- Mucous cells/glands produce mucous that bathes exposed surfaces
- Cilia sweep debris trapped in mucus towards the pharynx
- Filtration in nasal cavity removes large particles
- Alveolar Macrophages engulf small particles that reach the lungs.
The pharynx is a chamber, shared by what 2 systems?
The Digestive and Respiratory Systems.
The pharynx extends from _____ _____to entrances to _______ and ________.
Internal, Larynx, Oesophagus.
The pharynx is divided into 3 parts, Name them.
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
What is the superior portion of the pharynx called?
The nasopharynx
What does the nasopharynx contain?
The pharyngeal tonsils and openings to left and right auditory tubes.
The oropharynx is the ______ portion of the pharynx.
Middle.
What does the oropharynx communicate with?
The oral cavity.
Name the inferior portion of the pharynx.
Laryngopharynx.
The laryngopharynx extends from the _____ ____ to entrance of _____ and __________.
Hyoid Bone, Larynx and oesophagus.
What does the lower respiratory tract include?
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Lungs
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
The conducting zone, transitional zone, respiratory zone are all components of the ________ respiratory tract.
Lower.
Name the two main functions of the lower respiratory tract.
- Gas Exchange
- Filtering of the venous blood before it enters the left ventricle of the heart
What structure in the lower respiratory tract is made of cartilage rings and longitudinal muscle bundles?
Trachea.
What is the tracheobronchial tree?
The trachea splits into the L and R main bronchi
The bronchi have ____ generations of ________.
23, Branching/Bifurcations.
Name the two types of bronchioles.
- Terminal bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles
There are approximately 300 million ________.
Alveoli.
What are the alveoli?
Air sacs that provide a surface for gas exchange.
What process at the alveoli occurs in order to allow gas exchange?
Diffusion.
For gases to exchange effectively, what must be very thin?
The alveolar walls must be very thin.
The ____ ______ must be very great to allow effective gas exchange.
Surface Area.
Apart from the nasal cavity and superior portion, what other portions contains Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?
The Superior portion of the lower respirator system.
The _______ _______ have cuboidal epithelium with scattered cilia.
Smaller bronchioles.
Air from the pharynx, enters what structure?
The larynx :)
What is the larynx?
A cartilaginous structure that surrounds the glottis aka. the voice box.
What is the narrow opening between the vocal folds called?
The glottis.
Name the 3 large cartilages that form the larynx.
- Thyroid Cartilage
- Cricoid Cartilage
- Epiglottis.
The thyroid cartilage is a _____ cartilage and what does it form?
Hyaline.
It forms the anterior and lateral walls of larynx.
What is the anterior surface of the thyroid cartilage known as?
The laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple)
What do the ligaments of the thyroid cartilage attach to?
Hyoid Bone, Epiglottis and Laryngeal Cartilages.
Name the other hyaline cartilage of the larynx apart from the thyroid cartilage.
Cricoid Cartilage.
What portion of the larynx does the cricoid cartilage make up?
It forms the posterior portion of the larynx.
Where do the ligaments of the cricoid cartilage attach to?
The first tracheal cartilage.
What does the cricoid cartilage articulate with?
The arytenoid cartilages.
The _____ in the larynx is composed of elastic cartilage.
Epiglottis.
The ligaments of the epiglottis attach to what?
Thyroid Cartilage and hyoid bone.
What do the Thyroid and Cricoid cartilages support and protect?
- The Glottis
- The entrance to trachea
During swallowing the larynx is _______.
Elevated.
During swallowing, what does the epiglottis do?
It folds back over the glottis.
During swallowing why does the epiglottis fold back over the glottis?
To prevent the entry of food and liquids into respiratory tract.
Name the 3 pairs of smaller, paired hyaline cartilages.
- Arytenoid Cartilages
- Corniculate Cartilages
- Cuneiform Cartilages.
What do the arytenoid and Corniculate cartilages have functions in?
- Opening and Closing of the Glottis
- Production of sound.
What ligaments extend between the Thyroid Cartilage and arytenoid cartilages?
The Vestibular and Vocal Ligaments.
What are the vestibular vocal ligaments covered by?
Folds of laryngeal epithelium that project into glottis.
The vestibular ligaments lie within ______ ______.
Vestibular Folds.
What is the other name for vestibular folds and what is their function?
False vocal folds.
To protect the delicate vocal folds.
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the ______ ______. What does this produce?
Vocal Folds.
Produces sound waves.
How is sound varied?
- By tension on the vocal folds
- By action of voluntary muscles (of the larynx)
Vocal folds involved with sound are known as what?
Vocal Cords.
Name the 2 main processes of speech production.
- Phonation = sound production at the larynx
- Articulation = modification of sound by other structures.
What is the proper name for the windpipe?
The trachea.
What cartilage does the trachea extend from?
The cricoid cartilage.
What does the trachea branch into?
The left and right pulmonary bronchi.
The ______ beneath mucosa of the trachea contains mucous glands.
Submucosa.
There are 15 to 20 ______ cartilages.
Tracheal.
What is the function of the tracheal cartilages?
To strengthen and protect the airway.
When do the tracheal cartilages become discontinuous?
Where the trachea contacts the oesophagus.
The ends of each tracheal cartilage are connected by an ____ ligament and ______ muscle.
Elastic, Trachealis.
The right and left primary _____ are separated by an internal ridge called the _______.
Bronchi, Carina.
What primary bronchus is larger in diameter and descends at a steeper angle than the other primary bronchus?
Right Primary Bronchus
Where are the left and right lung found?
In the left and right pleural cavities, respectively.
What is the inferior portion of each lung called?
The base.
Where do the bases of the lungs rest?
On the superior surface of the diaphragm.
The lungs have ____ separated by deep fissures.
Lobes.
How many lobes does the right lung have? Name them.
3 :)
Superior, Middle and Inferior lobes.
How many lobes does the left lung have? Name them.
2, Superior and Inferior lobes.
In both lungs, what is the superior and inferior lobe separated by?
An oblique fissure.
As well as an oblique fissure, what other fissure does the right lung have and what does it separate?
Horizontal Fissure separating Superior and Middle lobe.
The Right lung is ____ than the left lung.
Wider.
What lung is displaced upward by the liver?
The right lung.
What lung is longer?
The left lung.
What is the left lung displaced by and where is it displaced?
The left lung is displaced by the heart forming the cardiac notch.
The _____ is where the pulmonary veins, blood vessels, lymphatics enter/leave the lung, anchored in a meshwork of _______ _______.
Hilum, Connective tissue.
The root of the lung is located where?
At the hilium of the lung.
The complex of connective tissues, nerves and vessels connecting the lung to the mediastinum is known as what?
The root of the lung.
What is the bronchial tree formed by?
It’s formed by the primary bronchi and their branches.
What are the extrapulmonary bronchi?
The left and right bronchi branches outside the lungs.
What are the branches of bronchi within the lungs known as?
Intrapulmonary Bronchi.
A primary bronchus branches to form what?
Secondary bronchi.
One secondary bronchus goes to each _____ of the lung.
Lobe.
The Right lung has ___ secondary bronchi and the Left lung has ___ secondary bronchi.
3, 2.
What do the secondary bronchi branch to form?
Tertiary bronchi.
Tertiary bronchi are also known as what?
segmental bronchi.
Lobar bronchi is another name for _____ bronchi.
Secondary.
Each segmental/tertiary bronchus supplies _____ to a single _________ segment.
Air, Bronchopulmonary.
What are found in the walls of primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi?
Smooth muscle.
With each bifurcation in the bronchial _____, there is progressively less _____ and more _____ _______.
Tree, cartilage, smooth muscle.
What does increased smooth muscle tension affect?
Airway constriction and resistance.
Each tertiary bronchus branches into what?
Each tertiary bronchus branches into multiple bronchioles.
Bronchioles have no ______ and are dominated by ____ ________.
Cartilage, Smooth Muscle.
Bronchioles branch into _____ ________.
Terminal bronchioles.
What does each terminal bronchiole deliver air to?
A single pulmonary lobule.
What is a pulmonary lobule supplied by?
Pulmonary arteries and veins.
What does each terminal bronchiole branch to form?
They branch to form several respiratory bronchioles.
What happens in the respiratory bronchioles?
Gas Exchange.
What are respiratory bronchioles connected to?
Alveoli.
Respiratory bronchioles are connected to alveoli along ______ _______.
Alveolar Ducts.
Where do alveolar ducts end?
At alveolar sacs.
What are the common chambers connected to many individual alveoli?
Alveolar Sacs.
Each Alveolus has an extensive network of ______ surrounded by _____ fibres.
Capillaries, Elastic.
What are respiratory bronchioles wrapped by and what can they change?
Respiratory bronchioles are wrapped by smooth muscle cells that can change the diameter of these airways.
Alveolar epithelium is very delicate, Name it.
Simple Squamous Epithelium.
Wjat dpes simple squamous epithelium contain?
Scattered specialised cells.
Where does the simple squamous epithelium line?
It lines the exchange surfaces of alveoli.
What type of special cells does the simple squamous epithelium consist of?
Pneumocytes.
Name the Pneumocytes and what role they play in the protection of the alveoli.
- Type I pneumocytes are patrolled by alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
- Type II pneumocytes (septal cells) produce surfactant.
