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anatomy > The Lungs and the Respiratory System 1. > Flashcards

The Lungs and the Respiratory System 1. Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

A

To provide extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood.

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2
Q

The respiratory system moves air to and from exchange surfaces to the ______.

A

Lungs.

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3
Q

What is the respiratory system’s function in protection?

A

It protects respiratory surfaces from the outside environment eg. pathogens.

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4
Q

What does the respiratory system also have a role in producing?

A

Producing sound.

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5
Q

What sense does the respiratory system participate in?

A

The Olfactory Sense (smell).

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6
Q

List the structures that the air moves from outside the body to the exchange surface inside the body (lungs) via.

A
  • Nose
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
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7
Q

The air in the respiratory must be what before exchange?

A

It must be moistened, warmed and filtered.

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8
Q

Through what structure does the respiratory system provide an extensive surface for gas exchange?

A

Alveoli.

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9
Q

What are air sacs called?

A

Alveoli.

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10
Q

What is the respiratory system protected from?

A
  • Dehydration
  • Temperature Change
  • Pathogens
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11
Q

Name some structures in the respiratory system that are responsible for protection.

A
  • Vibrasse (nose hairs)
  • Mucosal Membranes
  • Surfactants (coats alveoli)
  • Macrophages (big phagocyte)
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12
Q

Apart from structures, what else protects the respiratory system?

A

Reflexes such as coughing and sneezing.

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13
Q

The respiratory tract consists of 2 portions, Name these.

A
  • Conducting Portion

- Respiratory Portion

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14
Q

What structures does the conducting portion include?

A

From the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles.

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15
Q

What is the conducting portion responsible for?

A

The transport of air.

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16
Q

What structures does the respiratory portion include?

A

The respiratory bronchioles and alveoli in the lungs.

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17
Q

What is the respiratory portion responsible for?

A

Gas Exchange.

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18
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract refer to?

A

Anything above the larynx.

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19
Q

The _____ respiratory tract refers to the larynx and below.

A

Lower.

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20
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.

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21
Q

The upper respiratory tract is structures above the larynx, list these structures.

A

Nose, Nasal Cavity, Paranasal sinuses and Pharynx. (NNPP).

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22
Q

What are the functions of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • To Purify, Warm and Humidify ambient air before it moves into the lower respiratory tract
  • Acts as a conduction pathway for the air to move into the lower respiratory tract.
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23
Q

The _____ respiratory tract prepares the air.

A

Upper.

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24
Q

Where does air enter the respiratory system through?

A

The external nares (nostrils) of the nose.

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25
Q

The air goes through the nostrils and into the ______ ________.

A

Nasal Vestibule.

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26
Q

Where are the nasal hairs found?

A

In the nasal vestibule.

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27
Q

Nasal hairs are the first _______ _________ system.

A

Particle Filtration.

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28
Q

What divides the nasal cavity (into left and right)?

A

The nasal septum.

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29
Q

The superior part pf the nasal cavity is the _________ region.

A

Olfactory.

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30
Q

What does the olfactory region do?

A

Provides a sense of smell.

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31
Q

______ secretions from paranasal sinuses and tears, do what?

A

Mucous, clean and moisten the nasal cavity.

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32
Q

What do the paranasal sinuses secrete?

A

Mucous.

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33
Q

The nose has many ________.

A

Cartilages.

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34
Q

Air flow in the upper respiratory tract goes from the _____ to the _______ _____.

A

Vestibule, Internal Nares.

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35
Q

Air flows from the vestibule to the internal nares, through what?

A

Through Superior, Middle, Inferior Meatuses.

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36
Q

What are meatuses?

A

Meatuses are constricted passageways that produce air turbulence.

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37
Q

What is the role of the meatuses?

A
  • To warm and humidify incoming air.

- Trap Particles.

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38
Q

Name the 2 palates.

A
  • Hard Palate

- Soft Palate

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39
Q

What does the hard palate from?

A

The hard palate forms the floor of the nasal cavity.

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40
Q

What does hard palate separate?

A

It separates nasal and oral cavities.

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41
Q

What extends posterior to the hard palate?

A

The soft palate.

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42
Q

What divides the superior nasopharynx from the lower pharynx (oropharynx)?

A

The velum.

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43
Q

What do the respiratory mucosa consist of?

A
  • An epithelial layer

- An areolar layer- called the lamina propria.

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44
Q

What do the respiratory mucosa line?

A

They line the conducting portion of respiratory system.

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45
Q

Respiratory mucosa act as a _____ _______.

A

Protective Lining.

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46
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

Underlying layer of areolar tissue that supports the respiratory epithelium.

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47
Q

What do the upper respiratory system, trachea and bronchi all contain?

A

They all contain mucous glands.

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48
Q

Mucous glands _____ mucous onto the _______ surface.

A

Secrete, epithelial.

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49
Q

Smooth muscle cells are found in the _____ portion of the _____ respiratory system. What is their function?

A

Conducting, Lower.

They encircle lumen of bronchioles.

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50
Q

The ________ of the epithelial cells form a dense layer.

A

Cilia.

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51
Q

_____ cells have specialised projections called cilia.

A

Epithelial.

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52
Q

What does the movement of cilia do?

A

It propels the musculus across the epithelial surface.

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53
Q

Explain the term “Epithelium Carpet”.

A

The mucous traps particles and acts as a filter, dense layer of cilia= appearance of carpet :)

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54
Q

Where does the cilia move the mucous to?

A

The mucous is moved to the pharynx.

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55
Q

Where are the stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

Inferior portions of the pharynx.

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56
Q

Describe the structure of the epithelium found in the nasal cavity and superior portions of the pharynx.

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with Numerous Mucous Cells.

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57
Q

What does the respiratory defence system consist of?

A

A series of filtration mechanisms.

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58
Q

Why do we need filtration mechanisms in the respiratory system?

A

To remove particles and pathogens.

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59
Q

Name the 4 components of respiratory defence.

A
  • Mucous cells/glands produce mucous that bathes exposed surfaces
  • Cilia sweep debris trapped in mucus towards the pharynx
  • Filtration in nasal cavity removes large particles
  • Alveolar Macrophages engulf small particles that reach the lungs.
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60
Q

The pharynx is a chamber, shared by what 2 systems?

A

The Digestive and Respiratory Systems.

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61
Q

The pharynx extends from _____ _____to entrances to _______ and ________.

A

Internal, Larynx, Oesophagus.

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62
Q

The pharynx is divided into 3 parts, Name them.

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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63
Q

What is the superior portion of the pharynx called?

A

The nasopharynx

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64
Q

What does the nasopharynx contain?

A

The pharyngeal tonsils and openings to left and right auditory tubes.

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65
Q

The oropharynx is the ______ portion of the pharynx.

A

Middle.

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66
Q

What does the oropharynx communicate with?

A

The oral cavity.

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67
Q

Name the inferior portion of the pharynx.

A

Laryngopharynx.

68
Q

The laryngopharynx extends from the _____ ____ to entrance of _____ and __________.

A

Hyoid Bone, Larynx and oesophagus.

69
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract include?

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
70
Q

The conducting zone, transitional zone, respiratory zone are all components of the ________ respiratory tract.

A

Lower.

71
Q

Name the two main functions of the lower respiratory tract.

A
  • Gas Exchange

- Filtering of the venous blood before it enters the left ventricle of the heart

72
Q

What structure in the lower respiratory tract is made of cartilage rings and longitudinal muscle bundles?

A

Trachea.

73
Q

What is the tracheobronchial tree?

A

The trachea splits into the L and R main bronchi

74
Q

The bronchi have ____ generations of ________.

A

23, Branching/Bifurcations.

75
Q

Name the two types of bronchioles.

A
  • Terminal bronchioles

- Respiratory bronchioles

76
Q

There are approximately 300 million ________.

A

Alveoli.

77
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

Air sacs that provide a surface for gas exchange.

78
Q

What process at the alveoli occurs in order to allow gas exchange?

A

Diffusion.

79
Q

For gases to exchange effectively, what must be very thin?

A

The alveolar walls must be very thin.

80
Q

The ____ ______ must be very great to allow effective gas exchange.

A

Surface Area.

81
Q

Apart from the nasal cavity and superior portion, what other portions contains Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

A

The Superior portion of the lower respirator system.

82
Q

The _______ _______ have cuboidal epithelium with scattered cilia.

A

Smaller bronchioles.

83
Q

Air from the pharynx, enters what structure?

A

The larynx :)

84
Q

What is the larynx?

A

A cartilaginous structure that surrounds the glottis aka. the voice box.

85
Q

What is the narrow opening between the vocal folds called?

A

The glottis.

86
Q

Name the 3 large cartilages that form the larynx.

A
  • Thyroid Cartilage
  • Cricoid Cartilage
  • Epiglottis.
87
Q

The thyroid cartilage is a _____ cartilage and what does it form?

A

Hyaline.

It forms the anterior and lateral walls of larynx.

88
Q

What is the anterior surface of the thyroid cartilage known as?

A

The laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple)

89
Q

What do the ligaments of the thyroid cartilage attach to?

A

Hyoid Bone, Epiglottis and Laryngeal Cartilages.

90
Q

Name the other hyaline cartilage of the larynx apart from the thyroid cartilage.

A

Cricoid Cartilage.

91
Q

What portion of the larynx does the cricoid cartilage make up?

A

It forms the posterior portion of the larynx.

92
Q

Where do the ligaments of the cricoid cartilage attach to?

A

The first tracheal cartilage.

93
Q

What does the cricoid cartilage articulate with?

A

The arytenoid cartilages.

94
Q

The _____ in the larynx is composed of elastic cartilage.

A

Epiglottis.

95
Q

The ligaments of the epiglottis attach to what?

A

Thyroid Cartilage and hyoid bone.

96
Q

What do the Thyroid and Cricoid cartilages support and protect?

A
  • The Glottis

- The entrance to trachea

97
Q

During swallowing the larynx is _______.

A

Elevated.

98
Q

During swallowing, what does the epiglottis do?

A

It folds back over the glottis.

99
Q

During swallowing why does the epiglottis fold back over the glottis?

A

To prevent the entry of food and liquids into respiratory tract.

100
Q

Name the 3 pairs of smaller, paired hyaline cartilages.

A
  • Arytenoid Cartilages
  • Corniculate Cartilages
  • Cuneiform Cartilages.
101
Q

What do the arytenoid and Corniculate cartilages have functions in?

A
  • Opening and Closing of the Glottis

- Production of sound.

102
Q

What ligaments extend between the Thyroid Cartilage and arytenoid cartilages?

A

The Vestibular and Vocal Ligaments.

103
Q

What are the vestibular vocal ligaments covered by?

A

Folds of laryngeal epithelium that project into glottis.

104
Q

The vestibular ligaments lie within ______ ______.

A

Vestibular Folds.

105
Q

What is the other name for vestibular folds and what is their function?

A

False vocal folds.

To protect the delicate vocal folds.

106
Q

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the ______ ______. What does this produce?

A

Vocal Folds.

Produces sound waves.

107
Q

How is sound varied?

A
  • By tension on the vocal folds

- By action of voluntary muscles (of the larynx)

108
Q

Vocal folds involved with sound are known as what?

A

Vocal Cords.

109
Q

Name the 2 main processes of speech production.

A
  • Phonation = sound production at the larynx

- Articulation = modification of sound by other structures.

110
Q

What is the proper name for the windpipe?

A

The trachea.

111
Q

What cartilage does the trachea extend from?

A

The cricoid cartilage.

112
Q

What does the trachea branch into?

A

The left and right pulmonary bronchi.

113
Q

The ______ beneath mucosa of the trachea contains mucous glands.

A

Submucosa.

114
Q

There are 15 to 20 ______ cartilages.

A

Tracheal.

115
Q

What is the function of the tracheal cartilages?

A

To strengthen and protect the airway.

116
Q

When do the tracheal cartilages become discontinuous?

A

Where the trachea contacts the oesophagus.

117
Q

The ends of each tracheal cartilage are connected by an ____ ligament and ______ muscle.

A

Elastic, Trachealis.

118
Q

The right and left primary _____ are separated by an internal ridge called the _______.

A

Bronchi, Carina.

119
Q

What primary bronchus is larger in diameter and descends at a steeper angle than the other primary bronchus?

A

Right Primary Bronchus

120
Q

Where are the left and right lung found?

A

In the left and right pleural cavities, respectively.

121
Q

What is the inferior portion of each lung called?

A

The base.

122
Q

Where do the bases of the lungs rest?

A

On the superior surface of the diaphragm.

123
Q

The lungs have ____ separated by deep fissures.

A

Lobes.

124
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have? Name them.

A

3 :)

Superior, Middle and Inferior lobes.

125
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have? Name them.

A

2, Superior and Inferior lobes.

126
Q

In both lungs, what is the superior and inferior lobe separated by?

A

An oblique fissure.

127
Q

As well as an oblique fissure, what other fissure does the right lung have and what does it separate?

A

Horizontal Fissure separating Superior and Middle lobe.

128
Q

The Right lung is ____ than the left lung.

A

Wider.

129
Q

What lung is displaced upward by the liver?

A

The right lung.

130
Q

What lung is longer?

A

The left lung.

131
Q

What is the left lung displaced by and where is it displaced?

A

The left lung is displaced by the heart forming the cardiac notch.

132
Q

The _____ is where the pulmonary veins, blood vessels, lymphatics enter/leave the lung, anchored in a meshwork of _______ _______.

A

Hilum, Connective tissue.

133
Q

The root of the lung is located where?

A

At the hilium of the lung.

134
Q

The complex of connective tissues, nerves and vessels connecting the lung to the mediastinum is known as what?

A

The root of the lung.

135
Q

What is the bronchial tree formed by?

A

It’s formed by the primary bronchi and their branches.

136
Q

What are the extrapulmonary bronchi?

A

The left and right bronchi branches outside the lungs.

137
Q

What are the branches of bronchi within the lungs known as?

A

Intrapulmonary Bronchi.

138
Q

A primary bronchus branches to form what?

A

Secondary bronchi.

139
Q

One secondary bronchus goes to each _____ of the lung.

A

Lobe.

140
Q

The Right lung has ___ secondary bronchi and the Left lung has ___ secondary bronchi.

A

3, 2.

141
Q

What do the secondary bronchi branch to form?

A

Tertiary bronchi.

142
Q

Tertiary bronchi are also known as what?

A

segmental bronchi.

143
Q

Lobar bronchi is another name for _____ bronchi.

A

Secondary.

144
Q

Each segmental/tertiary bronchus supplies _____ to a single _________ segment.

A

Air, Bronchopulmonary.

145
Q

What are found in the walls of primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi?

A

Smooth muscle.

146
Q

With each bifurcation in the bronchial _____, there is progressively less _____ and more _____ _______.

A

Tree, cartilage, smooth muscle.

147
Q

What does increased smooth muscle tension affect?

A

Airway constriction and resistance.

148
Q

Each tertiary bronchus branches into what?

A

Each tertiary bronchus branches into multiple bronchioles.

149
Q

Bronchioles have no ______ and are dominated by ____ ________.

A

Cartilage, Smooth Muscle.

150
Q

Bronchioles branch into _____ ________.

A

Terminal bronchioles.

151
Q

What does each terminal bronchiole deliver air to?

A

A single pulmonary lobule.

152
Q

What is a pulmonary lobule supplied by?

A

Pulmonary arteries and veins.

153
Q

What does each terminal bronchiole branch to form?

A

They branch to form several respiratory bronchioles.

154
Q

What happens in the respiratory bronchioles?

A

Gas Exchange.

155
Q

What are respiratory bronchioles connected to?

A

Alveoli.

156
Q

Respiratory bronchioles are connected to alveoli along ______ _______.

A

Alveolar Ducts.

157
Q

Where do alveolar ducts end?

A

At alveolar sacs.

158
Q

What are the common chambers connected to many individual alveoli?

A

Alveolar Sacs.

159
Q

Each Alveolus has an extensive network of ______ surrounded by _____ fibres.

A

Capillaries, Elastic.

160
Q

What are respiratory bronchioles wrapped by and what can they change?

A

Respiratory bronchioles are wrapped by smooth muscle cells that can change the diameter of these airways.

161
Q

Alveolar epithelium is very delicate, Name it.

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium.

162
Q

Wjat dpes simple squamous epithelium contain?

A

Scattered specialised cells.

163
Q

Where does the simple squamous epithelium line?

A

It lines the exchange surfaces of alveoli.

164
Q

What type of special cells does the simple squamous epithelium consist of?

A

Pneumocytes.

165
Q

Name the Pneumocytes and what role they play in the protection of the alveoli.

A
  • Type I pneumocytes are patrolled by alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
  • Type II pneumocytes (septal cells) produce surfactant.

anatomy (31 decks)

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