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anatomy > Muscles & Mechanics of Respiration > Flashcards

Muscles & Mechanics of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What structure is associated with muscles of the neck and the pharynx?

A

The larynx.

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2
Q

The larynx is associate with ______ muscles.

A

Intrinsic.

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3
Q

What is the function of intrinsic muscles in the larynx?

A
  • Control Vocal Folds

- Open and Close Glottis.

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4
Q

Name the 2 cartilages found in close proximity to the vocal folds.

A
  • Corniculate Cartilage

- Cuneiform Cartilage

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5
Q

When can you see the Rima Glottidis (ridges at back)?

A

When the Glottis is open.

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6
Q

How many pleural cavities do we have?

A

2.

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7
Q

What are the two pleural cavities separated by?

A

Mediastinum.

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8
Q

What does each pleural cavity hold?

A

A lung.

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9
Q

Each Pleural Cavity is lined with a serous membrane. What is this called?

A

The Pleura.

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10
Q

What is the pleura?

A

A thin membrane between the lung and chest wall.

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11
Q

The pleura consists of two layers, name these.

A
  • Visceral Pleura (inner)

- Parietal Pleura (outer)

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12
Q

The pleural space contains a small amount of ______.

A

Fluid.

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13
Q

The pleural space is _____, what does this create?

A

Airtight, This creates a negative pressure.

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14
Q

What occurs when air enters the pleural space, due to spontaneous rupture or trauma?

A

The lung collapses while the chest wall expands.

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15
Q

_______ is the collapse of a lung whilst the chest wall expands.

A

Pneumothorax.

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16
Q

What lubricates the space between the parietal (outer) and visceral (inner) layers?

A

Pleural Fluid.

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17
Q

What does Boyle’s Law define?

A

It defines the relationship between gas pressure and volume.

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18
Q

What is this equation for? :

P = 1/V

A

Boyle’s Law.

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19
Q

Boyle’s Law states that in a contained gas, external _____ forces molecules ________ ________.

A

Pressure, Closer Together.

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20
Q

The movement of gas molecules can exert _____ on the _________.

A

Pressure, Container.

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21
Q

If you decrease the volume of the container, collisions occur _______ often per unit of time. What does this do?

A

More. Increases the presume of the gas.

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22
Q

What would you do to the container in order to have fewer collisions occurring hence decreasing the pressure?

A

Increase the volume.

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23
Q

Describe the movement of the ribcage during inspiration.

A

The ribcage moves upward and outward during inspiration.

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24
Q

The ribcage moves downward and inward during _________.

A

Expiration.

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25
Q

What does inspiration create in the pleural space and lungs?

A

It creates a more negative pressure.

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26
Q

Air fills the lungs until what?

A

Until the intrapulmonary gas pressure equals atmospheric.

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27
Q

In inspiration, what does the diaphragm act as?

A

It acts as a piston :)

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28
Q

Name the term to describe what happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

A

“Elastic” Recoil.

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29
Q

In what circumstance would ventilatory requirements increase?

A

Exercise.

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30
Q

When ventilatory requirements increase (eg. exercise), what are recruited?

A

Muscles of expiration are recruited.

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31
Q

What is the normal atmospheric pressure?

A

760 mm Hg (mm of mercury).

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32
Q

mm Hg is the most common method of reporting what?

A

Blood pressure and gas pressure.

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33
Q

The intrathoracic pressure is -10 mm Hg. What does intrathoracic refer to?

A

Between the Lung and Chest wall. Eg. the pleural space.

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34
Q

Air flows from an area of ______ pressure to an area of ______ pressure. What is this known as?

A

Higher. Lower. Diffusion.

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35
Q

What does a respiratory cycle consist of?

A
  • An inspiration (inhalation)

- An expiration (expiration)

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36
Q

What do the chest wall, respiratory muscles and pleural space make up?

A

The ventilatory pump.

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37
Q

What are the muscles of respiration found in the chest wall?

A

-Mostly Intercostal Muscles

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38
Q

Name the bones found in the chest wall.

A
  • Spine
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
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39
Q

What does the chest wall enable during respiration?

A

It enables outward expansion and inward recoil forces.

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40
Q

What is the main inspiratory muscle?

A

Diaphragm.

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41
Q

What separate’s the thorax from the abdomen (bottom) and the muscular chest wall (sides)?

A

The Diaphragm.

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42
Q

Name the Major Expiratory Muscles used in “active breathing”.

A

Internal Intercostals and abdominal muscles.

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43
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation causes volume changes, what does this create?

A

This creates changes in pressure.

44
Q

The volume of the thoracic cavity changes with the expansion or contraction of the ______ _____ and ___________.

A

Rib Cage, Diaphragm.

45
Q

The diaphragm forms the ______ of the ______ cavity.

A

Floor, Thoracic.

46
Q

When the diaphragm is relaxed, what shape is it?

A

It is dome shaped.

47
Q

What structure has the following origin:

  • xiphoid process
  • internal surface of rib cage
  • coastal cartilages of last 6 ribs
  • anterior surfaces of lumbar vertebrae.
A

The Diaphragm.

48
Q

Name the insertion of the diaphragm.

A

The central tendon.

49
Q

Describe what would happen to the volume of the thoracic cavity is the rib cage was elevated?

A

The volume of the thoracic cavity increases.

50
Q

When the diaphragm depresses, what does this do to the volume of the thoracic cavity?

A

The volume of the thoracic cavity increases.

51
Q

Along with the ribs, what other structure will elevate?

A

The sternum.

52
Q

During inspiration the rib cage moves _______ and __________.

A

Outward, Upward.

53
Q

When pressure outside and inside are _____, no air movement occurs.

A

Equal.

54
Q

When is the pressure outside and inside equal?

A

At rest, prior to inhalation.

55
Q

In inhalation, the pressure inside ______, so air flows ______.

A

Decreases, In.

56
Q

In inhalation, why does the pressure inside decrease?

A

Because the elevation of the rib cage and contraction of the diaphragm increase the size/volume of the thoracic cavity (causing a decrease in pressure).

57
Q

The air flows into the lungs when the pressure in the ______ cavity ________.

A

Thoracic, Decreases.

58
Q

When the rib cage returns to its original position and the diaphragm relaxes, this is known as ________.

A

Exhalation.

59
Q

How does the volume of the thoracic cavity decrease?

A

The rib cage returns to its original position and the diaphragm relaxes.

60
Q

In exhalation what happens to the pressure and hence the air?

A

The pressure increases (as the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases) and the air moves out of the lungs.

61
Q

The work of breathing depends on 2 major factors, Name These.

A
  • The compliance of the lungs and chest wall

- The resistance of the airways to the smooth flow of air.

62
Q

The lung is ______.

A

Elastic.

63
Q

The lung is elastic, what way is it constantly pulling?

A

It is constantly pulling inward.

64
Q

Due to its elasticity, the lung would collapse if it wasn’t held open by what?

A

If it want held open by the chest wall.

65
Q

The _____ _____ is also elastic and constantly being pulled ___________ by muscles that are always under slight tension.

A

Chest wall, Outward.

66
Q

What does the radius of the vessels of the airway establish?

A

The resistance to airflow.

67
Q

In some conditions the diameter of the _____ & _______ restrict airflow. For example- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

A

Bronchi, Bronchioles.

68
Q

What is compliance an indicator of?

A

Expandability.

69
Q

Low compliance requires _______ _________.

A

Greater Force.

70
Q

High Compliance requires _____ ________.

A

Less Force.

71
Q

A number of factors affect compliance:

  • _______ _______ structure of the lungs
  • Level of ______ production
  • Mobility of the _______ cage.
A

Connective Tissue
Surfactant
Thoracic.

72
Q

What is surfactant?

A

It is an oily secretion containing phospholipids and proteins.

73
Q

What does surfactant coat, and what is it’s function?

A

It coats alveolar surfaces and it reduces surface tension.

74
Q

The _________ pressure is relative to the atmospheric pressure.

A

Intrapulmonary.

75
Q

In what type of breathing is the difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure small?

A

Relaxed Breathing.

76
Q

During Maximum Intrapulmonary Pressure, the difference between pressure ________. Up until the _____ becomes closed off.

A

Increases, Glottis.

77
Q

What is the pressure in the space between the parietal and visceral pleura known as?

A

Intrapleural pressure.

78
Q

Describe the Intrapleural pressure during respiration.

A

It remains below atmospheric pressure throughout the respiratory cycle. (due to the relationship between the lungs and body wall).

79
Q

What does Pneumothorax allow?

A

It allows air into the pleural cavity.

80
Q

What does pneumothorax lead to?

A

(Atelectasis) A collapsed lung.

81
Q

What is the proper name for a collapsed lung?

A

Atelectasis.

82
Q

The respiratory cycle is cyclical changes in _______ pressure which operate the respiratory ______, aiding venous return to the ________.

A

Intrapleural, pump, Heart.

83
Q

What is the Tidal Volume?

A

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in a single respiratory cycle.

84
Q

Name the most important respiratory muscles. (Inhalation)

A
  • The Diaphragm

- External Intercostal muscles of the ribs.

85
Q

When are accessory respiratory muscles activated?

A

They are activated only when respiration increases significantly.

86
Q

Inhalation is always ______.

A

ACTIVE.

87
Q

__________ is passive at rest but can be active during ______ breathing.

A

Exhalation, Forced.

88
Q

The external intercostal muscles and diaphragm are known as the ______ Respiratory Muscles.

A

Primary Respiratory Muscles.

89
Q

What does the contraction of the diaphragm do?

A

It draws air into the lungs.

90
Q

The _______ is responsible for 75% of air movement and the ______ ________ muscles are responsible for 25% of air movement (in normal conditions- Inhalation).

A

Diaphragm, External Intercostal.

91
Q

What do the accessory respiratory muscles do?

A

Assist in elevating ribs.

92
Q

The following muscles are examples of what?

  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Serratus Anterior
  • Pectoralis Minor
  • Scalene Muscles
A

Accessory Respiratory Muscles.

93
Q

The sternocleidomastoid and Pectoralis minor assist in what?

A

The elevation of the ribs.

94
Q

What are the respiratory muscles used for exhalation?

A

Internal Intercostal muscles
Transversus Thoracis Muscles
Abdominal Muscles.

95
Q

What do the internal intercostal + Transversus thoracis muscles do?

A

Depress the ribs.

96
Q

What is the function of the abdominal muscles?

A

-They compress the abdomen and force the diaphragm upward.

97
Q

Respiratory movements are classified by a pattern of _______ activity.

A

Muscle.

98
Q

What does quiet breathing involve?

A

Active Inhalation and Passive Exhalation.

99
Q

Diaphragmatic breathing or ____ breathing, is dominated by what?

A

Deep, Diaphragm.

100
Q

What can shallow breathing also be known as?

A

Costal breathing.

101
Q

What is costal breathing dominated by?

A

Rib Cage Movements.

102
Q

What is dyspnoea?

A

Shortness of breath, producing an accelerated pattern of shallow, ineffective breathing.

103
Q

_____ accompanies elevated arterial ____ and [H+].

A

Dyspnoea, CO2. (too much CO2)

104
Q

What is “overbreathing” known as?

A

Hyperventilation.

105
Q

What does hyperventilation lead to?

A

The excessive unloading of CO2. (too little CO2)

anatomy (31 decks)

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