Bone (lesson 3)

Question 1

what can bone tissue also be known as?

Answer 1

osseous tissue

Question 2

Bone tissue is a ____and ____, ____ tissue.

Answer 2

dense, supportive, connective

Question 3

bone tissue contains ______ cells.

Answer 3

specialised

Question 4

what does bone tissue produce?

Answer 4

solid matrix of calcium deposits

Question 5

what fibres will you find bone tissue around?

Answer 5

collagen

Question 6

how many types of cells do bones contain?

Answer 6

4

Question 7

Name an organic compound in bone

Answer 7

collagen

Question 8

bone is a ____ tissue

Answer 8

connective

Question 9

What does the bone’s matrix consist of?

Answer 9

collagen fibres for flexibility and tensile strength
calcium for rigidity
hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3 OH

Question 10

Define ossification

Answer 10

The natural process of bone formation and the hardening of muscular tissue into a bony substance.

Question 11

what can bone formation also be called?

Answer 11

osteogenesis

Question 12

What is the first process in osteogenesis?

Answer 12

the development of hyaline cartilage

Question 13

in the second stage of osteogenesis the hyaline cartilage ______ and the matrix is formed, then some of the matrix is _____.

Answer 13

grows, calcified

Question 14

What is stage 3 in osteogenesis?

Answer 14

the development of the primary ossification centre

Question 15

the primary ossification centre has a _____ bud and ______/____ cavity.

Answer 15

periosteal, medullary/marrow

Question 16

in stage 4 of osteogenesis the development of the _______ _________ ______ in the ______ occurs.

Answer 16

secondary ossification centre, epiphysis

Question 17

in the last stage of bone formation what two things are formed?

Answer 17

the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

Question 18

where do bones lengthen?

Answer 18

the epiphyseal plate

Question 19

bones grow from _____.

Answer 19

cartilage

Question 20

When bone growing is complete what forms?

Answer 20

the epiphyseal line

Question 21

Bones undergo constant remodelling from ___ __ ____ and _____.

Answer 21

adaption to stress and healing

Question 22

What is dense/compact bone also known as?

Answer 22

cortical bone

Question 23

what percent of bone in our bodies is cortical bone?

Answer 23

85%

Question 24

name some components of compact/cortical bone

Answer 24

osteon/haversian system
central/haversian canal
lamellae
lacunae with osteocytes
canaliculi

Question 25

what is spongy/cancellous bone known as?

Answer 25

trabecular bone

Question 26

What percent of spongy bone do we have in our body (out of all the bones in our body)?

Answer 26

15%

Question 27

what is trabecular bone made up of?

Answer 27

trabeculae

Question 28

The outer layer of the periosteum is ____ and has an _____ network of _____ and ____ _____.

Answer 28

dense, irregular, nerves and blood vessels

Question 29

what cells does the inner layer of the periosteum contain?

Answer 29

osteoblasts

Question 30

How is the inner layer of the periosteum anchored to the bone?

Answer 30

by collagen fibres that penetrate into the bone

Question 31

What canals connect the Haversian canals and also assist blood supply from the periosteum to the harversian canals?

Answer 31

Volkmann's canals

Question 32

What happens if calcium ion concentration increases by 30%?

Answer 32

neurons and muscle cells become unresponsive

Question 33

What happens if calcium ion concentration decreases by 35%?

Answer 33

convulsions

Question 34

Death may occur if the calcium ion concentration decreases by _____%.

Answer 34

50

Question 35

calcium levels are closely regulated by ____ _________.

Answer 35

calcium homeostasis

Question 36

What does PTH do to the kidneys?

Answer 36

It decreases the rate of excretion of calcium ions

Question 37

When calcium ion concentration in the blood increases, _______ is released into the blood stream.

Answer 37

calcitonin

Question 38

what does calcitonin inhibit?

Answer 38

calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity

Question 39

How does the release of calcitonin affect the kidneys?

Answer 39

It increases the rate of excretion of calcium ions

Question 40

Name a nutritional bone disorder

Answer 40

rickets

Question 41

As x-rays pass through the body, they are partially _____.

Answer 41

absorbed

Question 42

The _____ the tissue, the greater the fraction of radiation that is _____.

Answer 42

denser, absorbed

Question 43

What is osteopenia?

Answer 43

inadequate ossification

Question 44

The prevalence and severity of osteopenia typically increases with _____.

Answer 44

age

Question 45

What body parts are most affected by osteopenia?

Answer 45

epiphyses (end of long bones), vertebrae and jaw.

Question 46

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 46

The reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise bone function

Question 47

What can osteoporosis typically lead to?

Answer 47

Bone fracture, leads to loss of independence and immobility

Question 48

what gender is osteoporosis most common in (due to hormones)?

Answer 48

females

Question 49

What happens immediately after a bone fracture? (stage 1 of fracture healing)

Answer 49

Extensive bleeding occurs, over a period of several hours, a large blood clot or fracture hematoma, develops.

Question 50

what is stage 1 of fracture healing known as?

Answer 50

Fracture hematoma

Question 51

What is stage 2 of fracture healing?

Answer 51

A callus forms

Question 52

In stage 3 _____ occurs, this mean that the external callus becomes replaced by ___.

Answer 52

ossification, bone

Question 53

In stage 3 what happens to fragments of dead bone and the areas of bone closest to the break?

Answer 53

They are removed and replaced

Question 54

what is the final stage in fracture healing?

Answer 54

Remodelling, a swelling initially marks the location of the fracture, over time this region will be remodelled and little evidence of the fracture will remain.