Connective tissues and articulations. Flashcards
This section focuses on the _____ system.
musculoskeletal
Bones act as ____ ____.
stiff leaver
Muscles act to ____ ______.
move bones
Where does movement occur?
At joints
Tendons connect _____ to _____.
muscles, bones
Tendons act as _____.
ropes
_____ limit the movement of joints.
ligaments
Ligaments connect ____ to _______.
bone, bone
Name two examples of connective tissues.
bone and cartilage
Bones ___ the body.
support
What do bones protect?
Bones protect vital organs
Bones are a reservoir of _____.
minerals
In terms of movement, what role does bone have?
leverage
_____ are responsible for blood cell production.
bones
What does cartilage support?
It supports bones/ hard tissues :)
What does cartilage do?
creates smooth, gliding surfaces for articulations.
What development and growth is cartilage involved in?
The development and growth of long bones
Name the 3 types of cartilage.
Hyaline Cartilage, Fibrous Cartilage and Elastic Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage is a ______ connector.
common
What does hyaline cartilage cover?
Articular bone surfaces
What connects the ribs to the sternum?
Hyaline Cartilage
What cartilage is an abundant structural component in the respiratory system?
Hyaline Cartilage
Fibrous cartilage is ____ and _____.
strong and rigid
Intervertebral discs have what type of cartilage?
Fibrous
What property does elastic cartilage have?
Its flexible
Where do we have elastic cartilage?
External ear
Elastic cartilage provides _______.
framework
Where are intervertebral discs found?
Between each pair of vertebrae :)
______ discs consist of 2 regions.
intervertebral
Name the 2 regions that intervertebral discs consist of.
Annulus Fibrosis and Nucleus Pulposus
What do intervertebral discs allow?
movement between vertebrae
What do intervertebral discs also provide?
Provide load bearing.
What is the fibrous ring known as?
Annulus Fibrosis
In the annulus fibrosis what are there layers of?
There are layers of collagen in fibrocartilage
In the annulus fibrosis, describe how the collagen fibres are placed.
They run parallel to each other within the layers
Annulus Fibrosis has different _____ at different ______. Angles between ___/_____ to ______.
layers, orientations. 60/75 degrees, to horizontal
What is Nucleus Pulposus?
A highly hydrated gel core (75% water)
What are the 3 stages of the loading of an intervertebral disc?
- Disc Compresses
- Side walls bulge
- Collagen fibres control wallvulge
When the load is applied to a disc, what is pressurised?
The nucleus polposus
What is the failure of end plates or disc wall known as?
A herniated disc
A herniated disc normally happens in _____ people.
younger
Why is a herniated disc painful?
The extrusion of disc into vertebra reduces disc height and compresses the nerve eg. trapped nerve.
When you lean over, how would you describe the spine?
the spine is flexed
What happens to each disc when your spine is flexed?
The front of the disc is compressed and the back of the disc is in tension
What does lifting weight apply to the spine?
Lifting weight applies bending movement about spine.
When a disc is in (forward) flexion, what direction is the nucleus pulposus squeezed in?
backwards :)
The compressed side of the disk will ___.
bulge
The _______ side of the disc will straighten.
Tensile
How does a disc rotate?
The fibres in annulus fibrosis will stretch in one direction and will relax in the other direction
What can a herniated disc also be called?
slipped/prolapsed disc
Herniated Disc- The disc ____ and thus _____ the intervertebral foramen.
protrudes, reduces
A herniated disc will compress the ____.
nerve
What does a herniated disc lead to?
pain and lack of nerve signal in extreme signals
What direction does a disc slip in?
sideways
Why does a disc slip sideways rather then forwards or backwards?
Front/anterior has a large amount of anterior ligament
Posterior- ligament between spinal column and vertebrae
What are ligaments?
Ligaments are dense fibrous tissues
What is the function of a ligament?
To connect the articular extremities of bone eg. bone to bone
What do ligaments help to do?
They help to stabilise the articulations of bones at joints
Anterior longitudinal ligament prevents _______.
hyperextension
Posterior longitudinal ligament, interspinous ligament, superspinous ligament and ligamentum flavum, all act to limit what?
They all act to limit flexion
What are tendons?
Tendons are dense fibrous connective tissues
What do tendons attach?
The attach muscles to bones.
Tendons _____ the forces exerted by the _____ to the attached _____.
transmit, muscles, bones
joints are also known as _______.
articulations
What is a joint?
It is a point of contact between two bones/ a point where bones are held together
How are joints classified?
By function and structure
Name the three joint functions.
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis
What joint function is immovable?
synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis means ______.
slightly movable
What joint function means freely movable?
diarthrosis
Name the 3 structure of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Name the 3 types of fibrous joints.
suture
syndesmosis
gomphosis
Suture movement is _______.
synarthrosis/immovable
Describe suture joints.
Bones are tightly bound by minimal fibrous tissue.
Where is the only place you will find sutures?
The skull!
Syndesmosis joints are _______ movable/ ______.
slightly, amphiarthrosis
In syndesmosis joints bones are connected by ______.
ligaments
Tibiofibular ligament can connect bones in a ________ joint.
syndesmosis
Gomphosis is a ______ and ______ joint.
fibrous, immovable/synarthrosis
What type of joint is gomphosis?
It is a peg and socket joint
Where is gomphosis most commonly found?
In teeth :) between the tooth and mandible.
Synchondrosis and symphyses are _____ joints.
cartlaginous
Synchondrosis is ________/immovable.
synarthrosis
In synchondrosis joint, what unites the bones?
Hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal growth plates and costal cartilage-sternum, are to do with what type of joint?
synchondrosis
Can Symphyses joints move?
They are slightly movable/amphiarthrosis
In symphyses joints, what unites the bones?
fibrocartilage
Pubic Symphysis and Intervertebral discs, are examples of what types of joints?
Symphyses
____ joints can move freely/diarthrosis.
synovial
What are the most common joints in the body?
Synovial Joints
Why are synovial joints the most mobile joints? (2 reasons)
reason 1- They are completely enclosed in a joint capsule formed by ligamentous connective tissue.
reason 2- They are surrounded by a synovial membrane
In synovial joints, articular surfaces on bone are found with ______ cartilage.
hyaline
There is synovial ____ within the capsule.
fluid
What does synovial fluid within the capsule do?
It lubricates the joint
Some synovial joints have cartilage, ___ pads, _____ and/or articular ____ (eg. knee).
fat, menisci, discs
What does a synovial cavity do?
It channels the flow of synovial fluid and this allows variations in the shapes of articular surfaces :)
Ligaments surround the entire synovial joint to do what?
To support, strengthen and reinforce the joint.
What are tendons roles in a joint?
They pass across or around a joint to transmit force from muscles
Tendons are like ____.
ropes
____ may be connected to the joint cavity or may be separate from it.
Bursae
What do bursae do?
They reduce friction and act as shock absorbers
Name a few types of motions a synovial joint can do.
Gliding, hinge, pivot
What colour is cartilage?
Its translucent
What does fascia do?
it covers body structures and separates them from each other.
Cartilage can be ______.
elastic
