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anatomy > Connective tissues and articulations. > Flashcards

Connective tissues and articulations. Flashcards

1
Q

This section focuses on the _____ system.

A

musculoskeletal

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2
Q

Bones act as ____ ____.

A

stiff leaver

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3
Q

Muscles act to ____ ______.

A

move bones

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4
Q

Where does movement occur?

A

At joints

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5
Q

Tendons connect _____ to _____.

A

muscles, bones

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6
Q

Tendons act as _____.

A

ropes

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7
Q

_____ limit the movement of joints.

A

ligaments

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8
Q

Ligaments connect ____ to _______.

A

bone, bone

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9
Q

Name two examples of connective tissues.

A

bone and cartilage

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10
Q

Bones ___ the body.

A

support

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11
Q

What do bones protect?

A

Bones protect vital organs

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12
Q

Bones are a reservoir of _____.

A

minerals

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13
Q

In terms of movement, what role does bone have?

A

leverage

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14
Q

_____ are responsible for blood cell production.

A

bones

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15
Q

What does cartilage support?

A

It supports bones/ hard tissues :)

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16
Q

What does cartilage do?

A

creates smooth, gliding surfaces for articulations.

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17
Q

What development and growth is cartilage involved in?

A

The development and growth of long bones

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18
Q

Name the 3 types of cartilage.

A

Hyaline Cartilage, Fibrous Cartilage and Elastic Cartilage

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19
Q

Hyaline cartilage is a ______ connector.

A

common

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20
Q

What does hyaline cartilage cover?

A

Articular bone surfaces

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21
Q

What connects the ribs to the sternum?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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22
Q

What cartilage is an abundant structural component in the respiratory system?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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23
Q

Fibrous cartilage is ____ and _____.

A

strong and rigid

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24
Q

Intervertebral discs have what type of cartilage?

A

Fibrous

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25
Q

What property does elastic cartilage have?

A

Its flexible

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26
Q

Where do we have elastic cartilage?

A

External ear

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27
Q

Elastic cartilage provides _______.

A

framework

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28
Q

Where are intervertebral discs found?

A

Between each pair of vertebrae :)

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29
Q

______ discs consist of 2 regions.

A

intervertebral

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30
Q

Name the 2 regions that intervertebral discs consist of.

A

Annulus Fibrosis and Nucleus Pulposus

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31
Q

What do intervertebral discs allow?

A

movement between vertebrae

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32
Q

What do intervertebral discs also provide?

A

Provide load bearing.

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33
Q

What is the fibrous ring known as?

A

Annulus Fibrosis

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34
Q

In the annulus fibrosis what are there layers of?

A

There are layers of collagen in fibrocartilage

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35
Q

In the annulus fibrosis, describe how the collagen fibres are placed.

A

They run parallel to each other within the layers

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36
Q

Annulus Fibrosis has different _____ at different ______. Angles between ___/_____ to ______.

A

layers, orientations. 60/75 degrees, to horizontal

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37
Q

What is Nucleus Pulposus?

A

A highly hydrated gel core (75% water)

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38
Q

What are the 3 stages of the loading of an intervertebral disc?

A
  1. Disc Compresses
  2. Side walls bulge
  3. Collagen fibres control wallvulge
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39
Q

When the load is applied to a disc, what is pressurised?

A

The nucleus polposus

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40
Q

What is the failure of end plates or disc wall known as?

A

A herniated disc

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41
Q

A herniated disc normally happens in _____ people.

A

younger

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42
Q

Why is a herniated disc painful?

A

The extrusion of disc into vertebra reduces disc height and compresses the nerve eg. trapped nerve.

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43
Q

When you lean over, how would you describe the spine?

A

the spine is flexed

44
Q

What happens to each disc when your spine is flexed?

A

The front of the disc is compressed and the back of the disc is in tension

45
Q

What does lifting weight apply to the spine?

A

Lifting weight applies bending movement about spine.

46
Q

When a disc is in (forward) flexion, what direction is the nucleus pulposus squeezed in?

A

backwards :)

47
Q

The compressed side of the disk will ___.

A

bulge

48
Q

The _______ side of the disc will straighten.

A

Tensile

49
Q

How does a disc rotate?

A

The fibres in annulus fibrosis will stretch in one direction and will relax in the other direction

50
Q

What can a herniated disc also be called?

A

slipped/prolapsed disc

51
Q

Herniated Disc- The disc ____ and thus _____ the intervertebral foramen.

A

protrudes, reduces

52
Q

A herniated disc will compress the ____.

A

nerve

53
Q

What does a herniated disc lead to?

A

pain and lack of nerve signal in extreme signals

54
Q

What direction does a disc slip in?

A

sideways

55
Q

Why does a disc slip sideways rather then forwards or backwards?

A

Front/anterior has a large amount of anterior ligament

Posterior- ligament between spinal column and vertebrae

56
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Ligaments are dense fibrous tissues

57
Q

What is the function of a ligament?

A

To connect the articular extremities of bone eg. bone to bone

58
Q

What do ligaments help to do?

A

They help to stabilise the articulations of bones at joints

59
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament prevents _______.

A

hyperextension

60
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament, interspinous ligament, superspinous ligament and ligamentum flavum, all act to limit what?

A

They all act to limit flexion

61
Q

What are tendons?

A

Tendons are dense fibrous connective tissues

62
Q

What do tendons attach?

A

The attach muscles to bones.

63
Q

Tendons _____ the forces exerted by the _____ to the attached _____.

A

transmit, muscles, bones

64
Q

joints are also known as _______.

A

articulations

65
Q

What is a joint?

A

It is a point of contact between two bones/ a point where bones are held together

66
Q

How are joints classified?

A

By function and structure

67
Q

Name the three joint functions.

A

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis

68
Q

What joint function is immovable?

A

synarthrosis

69
Q

Amphiarthrosis means ______.

A

slightly movable

70
Q

What joint function means freely movable?

A

diarthrosis

71
Q

Name the 3 structure of joints?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

72
Q

Name the 3 types of fibrous joints.

A

suture
syndesmosis
gomphosis

73
Q

Suture movement is _______.

A

synarthrosis/immovable

74
Q

Describe suture joints.

A

Bones are tightly bound by minimal fibrous tissue.

75
Q

Where is the only place you will find sutures?

A

The skull!

76
Q

Syndesmosis joints are _______ movable/ ______.

A

slightly, amphiarthrosis

77
Q

In syndesmosis joints bones are connected by ______.

A

ligaments

78
Q

Tibiofibular ligament can connect bones in a ________ joint.

A

syndesmosis

79
Q

Gomphosis is a ______ and ______ joint.

A

fibrous, immovable/synarthrosis

80
Q

What type of joint is gomphosis?

A

It is a peg and socket joint

81
Q

Where is gomphosis most commonly found?

A

In teeth :) between the tooth and mandible.

82
Q

Synchondrosis and symphyses are _____ joints.

A

cartlaginous

83
Q

Synchondrosis is ________/immovable.

A

synarthrosis

84
Q

In synchondrosis joint, what unites the bones?

A

Hyaline cartilage

85
Q

Epiphyseal growth plates and costal cartilage-sternum, are to do with what type of joint?

A

synchondrosis

86
Q

Can Symphyses joints move?

A

They are slightly movable/amphiarthrosis

87
Q

In symphyses joints, what unites the bones?

A

fibrocartilage

88
Q

Pubic Symphysis and Intervertebral discs, are examples of what types of joints?

A

Symphyses

89
Q

____ joints can move freely/diarthrosis.

A

synovial

90
Q

What are the most common joints in the body?

A

Synovial Joints

91
Q

Why are synovial joints the most mobile joints? (2 reasons)

A

reason 1- They are completely enclosed in a joint capsule formed by ligamentous connective tissue.
reason 2- They are surrounded by a synovial membrane

92
Q

In synovial joints, articular surfaces on bone are found with ______ cartilage.

A

hyaline

93
Q

There is synovial ____ within the capsule.

A

fluid

94
Q

What does synovial fluid within the capsule do?

A

It lubricates the joint

95
Q

Some synovial joints have cartilage, ___ pads, _____ and/or articular ____ (eg. knee).

A

fat, menisci, discs

96
Q

What does a synovial cavity do?

A

It channels the flow of synovial fluid and this allows variations in the shapes of articular surfaces :)

97
Q

Ligaments surround the entire synovial joint to do what?

A

To support, strengthen and reinforce the joint.

98
Q

What are tendons roles in a joint?

A

They pass across or around a joint to transmit force from muscles

99
Q

Tendons are like ____.

A

ropes

100
Q

____ may be connected to the joint cavity or may be separate from it.

A

Bursae

101
Q

What do bursae do?

A

They reduce friction and act as shock absorbers

102
Q

Name a few types of motions a synovial joint can do.

A

Gliding, hinge, pivot

103
Q

What colour is cartilage?

A

Its translucent

104
Q

What does fascia do?

A

it covers body structures and separates them from each other.

105
Q

Cartilage can be ______.

A

elastic

anatomy (31 decks)

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