Connective tissues and articulations. Flashcards
1
Q
This section focuses on the _____ system.
A
musculoskeletal
2
Q
Bones act as ____ ____.
A
stiff leaver
3
Q
Muscles act to ____ ______.
A
move bones
4
Q
Where does movement occur?
A
At joints
5
Q
Tendons connect _____ to _____.
A
muscles, bones
6
Q
Tendons act as _____.
A
ropes
7
Q
_____ limit the movement of joints.
A
ligaments
8
Q
Ligaments connect ____ to _______.
A
bone, bone
9
Q
Name two examples of connective tissues.
A
bone and cartilage
10
Q
Bones ___ the body.
A
support
11
Q
What do bones protect?
A
Bones protect vital organs
12
Q
Bones are a reservoir of _____.
A
minerals
13
Q
In terms of movement, what role does bone have?
A
leverage
14
Q
_____ are responsible for blood cell production.
A
bones
15
Q
What does cartilage support?
A
It supports bones/ hard tissues :)
16
Q
What does cartilage do?
A
creates smooth, gliding surfaces for articulations.
17
Q
What development and growth is cartilage involved in?
A
The development and growth of long bones
18
Q
Name the 3 types of cartilage.
A
Hyaline Cartilage, Fibrous Cartilage and Elastic Cartilage
19
Q
Hyaline cartilage is a ______ connector.
A
common
20
Q
What does hyaline cartilage cover?
A
Articular bone surfaces
21
Q
What connects the ribs to the sternum?
A
Hyaline Cartilage
22
Q
What cartilage is an abundant structural component in the respiratory system?
A
Hyaline Cartilage
23
Q
Fibrous cartilage is ____ and _____.
A
strong and rigid
24
Q
Intervertebral discs have what type of cartilage?
A
Fibrous
25
What property does elastic cartilage have?
Its flexible
26
Where do we have elastic cartilage?
External ear
27
Elastic cartilage provides _______.
framework
28
Where are intervertebral discs found?
Between each pair of vertebrae :)
29
______ discs consist of 2 regions.
intervertebral
30
Name the 2 regions that intervertebral discs consist of.
Annulus Fibrosis and Nucleus Pulposus
31
What do intervertebral discs allow?
movement between vertebrae
32
What do intervertebral discs also provide?
Provide load bearing.
33
What is the fibrous ring known as?
Annulus Fibrosis
34
In the annulus fibrosis what are there layers of?
There are layers of collagen in fibrocartilage
35
In the annulus fibrosis, describe how the collagen fibres are placed.
They run parallel to each other within the layers
36
Annulus Fibrosis has different _____ at different ______. Angles between ___/_____ to ______.
layers, orientations. 60/75 degrees, to horizontal
37
What is Nucleus Pulposus?
A highly hydrated gel core (75% water)
38
What are the 3 stages of the loading of an intervertebral disc?
1. Disc Compresses
2. Side walls bulge
3. Collagen fibres control wallvulge
39
When the load is applied to a disc, what is pressurised?
The nucleus polposus
40
What is the failure of end plates or disc wall known as?
A herniated disc
41
A herniated disc normally happens in _____ people.
younger
42
Why is a herniated disc painful?
The extrusion of disc into vertebra reduces disc height and compresses the nerve eg. trapped nerve.
43
When you lean over, how would you describe the spine?
the spine is flexed
44
What happens to each disc when your spine is flexed?
The front of the disc is compressed and the back of the disc is in tension
45
What does lifting weight apply to the spine?
Lifting weight applies bending movement about spine.
46
When a disc is in (forward) flexion, what direction is the nucleus pulposus squeezed in?
backwards :)
47
The compressed side of the disk will ___.
bulge
48
The _______ side of the disc will straighten.
Tensile
49
How does a disc rotate?
The fibres in annulus fibrosis will stretch in one direction and will relax in the other direction
50
What can a herniated disc also be called?
slipped/prolapsed disc
51
Herniated Disc- The disc ____ and thus _____ the intervertebral foramen.
protrudes, reduces
52
A herniated disc will compress the ____.
nerve
53
What does a herniated disc lead to?
pain and lack of nerve signal in extreme signals
54
What direction does a disc slip in?
sideways
55
Why does a disc slip sideways rather then forwards or backwards?
Front/anterior has a large amount of anterior ligament
| Posterior- ligament between spinal column and vertebrae
56
What are ligaments?
Ligaments are dense fibrous tissues
57
What is the function of a ligament?
To connect the articular extremities of bone eg. bone to bone
58
What do ligaments help to do?
They help to stabilise the articulations of bones at joints
59
Anterior longitudinal ligament prevents _______.
hyperextension
60
Posterior longitudinal ligament, interspinous ligament, superspinous ligament and ligamentum flavum, all act to limit what?
They all act to limit flexion
61
What are tendons?
Tendons are dense fibrous connective tissues
62
What do tendons attach?
The attach muscles to bones.
63
Tendons _____ the forces exerted by the _____ to the attached _____.
transmit, muscles, bones
64
joints are also known as _______.
articulations
65
What is a joint?
It is a point of contact between two bones/ a point where bones are held together
66
How are joints classified?
By function and structure
67
Name the three joint functions.
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis
68
What joint function is immovable?
synarthrosis
69
Amphiarthrosis means ______.
slightly movable
70
What joint function means freely movable?
diarthrosis
71
Name the 3 structure of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
72
Name the 3 types of fibrous joints.
suture
syndesmosis
gomphosis
73
Suture movement is _______.
synarthrosis/immovable
74
Describe suture joints.
Bones are tightly bound by minimal fibrous tissue.
75
Where is the only place you will find sutures?
The skull!
76
Syndesmosis joints are _______ movable/ ______.
slightly, amphiarthrosis
77
In syndesmosis joints bones are connected by ______.
ligaments
78
Tibiofibular ligament can connect bones in a ________ joint.
syndesmosis
79
Gomphosis is a ______ and ______ joint.
fibrous, immovable/synarthrosis
80
What type of joint is gomphosis?
It is a peg and socket joint
81
Where is gomphosis most commonly found?
In teeth :) between the tooth and mandible.
82
Synchondrosis and symphyses are _____ joints.
cartlaginous
83
Synchondrosis is ________/immovable.
synarthrosis
84
In synchondrosis joint, what unites the bones?
Hyaline cartilage
85
Epiphyseal growth plates and costal cartilage-sternum, are to do with what type of joint?
synchondrosis
86
Can Symphyses joints move?
They are slightly movable/amphiarthrosis
87
In symphyses joints, what unites the bones?
fibrocartilage
88
Pubic Symphysis and Intervertebral discs, are examples of what types of joints?
Symphyses
89
____ joints can move freely/diarthrosis.
synovial
90
What are the most common joints in the body?
Synovial Joints
91
Why are synovial joints the most mobile joints? (2 reasons)
reason 1- They are completely enclosed in a joint capsule formed by ligamentous connective tissue.
reason 2- They are surrounded by a synovial membrane
92
In synovial joints, articular surfaces on bone are found with ______ cartilage.
hyaline
93
There is synovial ____ within the capsule.
fluid
94
What does synovial fluid within the capsule do?
It lubricates the joint
95
Some synovial joints have cartilage, ___ pads, _____ and/or articular ____ (eg. knee).
fat, menisci, discs
96
What does a synovial cavity do?
It channels the flow of synovial fluid and this allows variations in the shapes of articular surfaces :)
97
Ligaments surround the entire synovial joint to do what?
To support, strengthen and reinforce the joint.
98
What are tendons roles in a joint?
They pass across or around a joint to transmit force from muscles
99
Tendons are like ____.
ropes
100
____ may be connected to the joint cavity or may be separate from it.
Bursae
101
What do bursae do?
They reduce friction and act as shock absorbers
102
Name a few types of motions a synovial joint can do.
Gliding, hinge, pivot
103
What colour is cartilage?
Its translucent
104
What does fascia do?
it covers body structures and separates them from each other.
105
Cartilage can be ______.
elastic
