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anatomy > Organisation of the Nervous System- 1 > Flashcards

Organisation of the Nervous System- 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The neural system includes all _____ _______ in the body.

A

neural tissue

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2
Q

Neural tissues contains 2 different kinds of _____.

A

cells

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3
Q

Name the 2 kinds of cells that make up neural tissue.

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

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4
Q

What is the function of a neuron?

A

To send and receive signals

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5
Q

What is the function of neuroglia?

A

To support and protect neurons

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6
Q

Name the organs of the nervous system.

A
  • brain and spinal cord (CNS)]

- sensory receptors of sense organs (eyes, ears etc.)

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7
Q

______ connect the nervous system with other systems.

A

Nerves

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8
Q

A function of the nervous system is to direct _____ ______ to ______.

A

immediate responses, stimuli

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9
Q

What does the nervous system coordinate/moderate?

A

it coordinates/moderates activities of other organ systems

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10
Q

The nervous system _____ and _____ ______ information about ______ conditions.

A

provides, interprets, sensory ,external

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11
Q

Name the 2 anatomical divisions of the nervous system.

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

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12
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

The spinal cord and brain

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13
Q

The CNS contains ______ tissue, ____ tissues and _____ vessels.

A

neural, connective, blood

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14
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous System include?

A

It includes all neural tissue outside the CNS.

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15
Q

What processes and coordinates data from inside and outside of the body?

A

The CNS

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16
Q

The CNS processes and coordinates ____ commands controlling activities of ______ organs.

A

motor, peripheral

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17
Q

The CNS controls the _____ functions of the brain.

A

higher

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18
Q

Name some of the higher functions of the brain.

A

Intelligence, memory, learning and emotion

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19
Q

The ___ performs complex integrative functions.

A

brain

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20
Q

What is a primary function of the brain?

A

To control both voluntary and autonomic activities.

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21
Q

What is a primary function of the spinal cord?

A

To relay information to and from the brain.

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22
Q

The _____ performs less complex integrative functions than the ______.

A

spinal cord, brain

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23
Q

What body part directs many simple involuntary activities?

A

The spinal cord

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24
Q

The _____ includes all the neural tissue outside the CNS.

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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25
Q

What are the 2 functions of the PNS?

A
  • To deliver sensory information to the CNS

- carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems

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26
Q

What are (peripheral) nerves?

A

Bundles of axons with connective tissues and blood vessels.

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27
Q

What do nerves/peripheral nerves do?

A

They carry sensory information and motor commands in the PNS.

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28
Q

What do cranial nerves connect to?

A

They connect to the brain.

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29
Q

What do spinal nerves attach to?

A

The spinal cord

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30
Q

Name the 2 divisions of the PNS.

A

Afferent division and efferent division,

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31
Q

What does the afferent division do?

A

It carries sensory information from PNS sensory receptors to CNS.

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32
Q

What is the function of a receptor?

A

To detect changes or to respond to stimuli.

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33
Q

Neurons/specialised cells that detect changes or respond to stimuli within complex sensory organs are known as _________.

A

receptors

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34
Q

What does the efferent division do?

A

It carries motor commands from the CNS to the PNS muscles and glands.

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35
Q

The efferent division carries motor commands to _____ ______.

A

target organs

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36
Q

Target organs which respond to the information from the CNS by doing something, are known as ________.

A

Effectors

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37
Q

Effectors can be ____ and ______, they respond to ______ signals.

A

cells, organs, efferent

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38
Q

What does SNS stand for?

A

Somatic Nervous System

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39
Q

What does the Somatic Nervous System control?

A

it controls voluntary and involuntary (reflexes) skeletal muscle contractions.

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40
Q

Apart from the Somatic Nervous System (SNS), name the other type of nervous system.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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41
Q

What does ANS stand for?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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42
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System control?

A

The ANS controls subconscious actions, contractions of smooth muscle + cardiac muscle and glandular secretions.

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43
Q

What division has a stimulating effect?

A

Sympathetic Division

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44
Q

What division has a relaxing effect?

A

Parasympathetic Division

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45
Q

What monitors smell, taste, vision, balance and hearing?

A

special sensory receptors

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46
Q

Visceral sensory receptors monitor _____ ______.

A

internal organs

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47
Q

What monitors skeletal muscles, joints and skin surface?

A

Somatic sensory receptors

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48
Q

What integrates, processes and coordinates sensory data and motor commands?

A

The CNS

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49
Q

_____ commands within the efferent division will either go to the _____ nervous system or the _____ nervous system.

A

motor, somatic nervous system, afferent nervous system

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50
Q

Does the SNS have any divisions?

A

No

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51
Q

Does the ANS have any divisions?

A

Yes, 2 , parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions :)

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52
Q

What is the effector of the Somatic Nervous System?

A

Skeletal Muscle

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53
Q

Name the 4 effectors of the ANS that can either be stimulated or relaxed.

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands and adipose tissue :)

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54
Q

What are neurons?

A

They are the basic functional units of the nervous system.

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55
Q

Where is the multi-polar neuron found?

A

Its common in the CNS

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56
Q

Name the 3 parts of a typical multi-polar neuron.

A

cell body (soma), short + branched dendrites and a long + single axon.

57
Q

What does the cell body of the neuron most importantly contain?

A

It contains a large Nucleus and Nucleolus

58
Q

In the cell body a cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus, what is this cytoplasm called?

A

Perikaryon

59
Q

What produces the neurons energy that’s found in the soma (cell body) ?

A

Mitochondria

60
Q

The soma also contains a ____ ______ reticulum and r______.

A

rough endoplasmic, ribosomes

61
Q

What are the ribosomes in the soma used for?

A

They are used to produce neurotransmitters.

62
Q

Dendrites are ___ _____ and have dendritic ______.

A

highly branched, spines

63
Q

Dendrites are in control of many ____ processes.

A

fine

64
Q

What do dendrites receive?

A

They receive information from other neurons

65
Q

What makes up 80 to 90% of a neurons surface area?

A

Dendrites

66
Q

The _____ is long and critical for the neuron to function.

A

axon

67
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

To carry electrical signals (action potential) to target.

68
Q

What is the area where a neuron communicates with another cell known as?

A

The synapse

69
Q

Every synapse involves ___ cells.

A

2

70
Q

Name the 2 cells involved in a synapse.

A

A presynaptic cell and a postsynaptic cell.

71
Q

What is the presynaptic cell?

A

It is the neuron that sends a message.

72
Q

What is the postsynaptic cell?

A

It is the neuron that receives the message.

73
Q

The communication between cells/neurons at a _____ most commonly involves the release of chemicals called _______ by the synaptic_______.

A

synapse, neurotransmitters, terminal.

74
Q

What are the chemical messengers that travel between the synapse known as?

A

Neurotransmitters

75
Q

Where are neurotransmitters released?

A

They are released at the presynaptic membrane.

76
Q

What do neurotransmitters affect?

A

They affect receptors of the post synaptic membrane

77
Q

What are neurotransmitters broken down by?

A

Enzymes

78
Q

After being broken down, neurotransmitters are then _____ at the ____ ______.

A

reassembled, axon terminal

79
Q

Neurotransmitters are _____ messengers.

A

chemical

80
Q

What is the synapse (junction) between a neuron and a muscle called?

A

Neuromuscular Junction

81
Q

What is the synapse (junction) between a neuron and a gland called?

A

Neuroglandular Junction

82
Q

What neuron is small and commonly found in the brain and sense organs?

A

Anaxonic Neurons

83
Q

What neuron has a cell body with all surrounding dendrites (like a star) ?

A

Anaxonic Neurons

84
Q

Name the main feature of a bipolar neuron.

A

It has one dendrite and one axon.

85
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A

They are found in special sensory organs (eg. eyes, ears, nose)

86
Q

________ neurons have very long axons.

A

Unipolar

87
Q

In unipolar neurons, what are fused together?

A

dendrites and axons

88
Q

In what neuron type is the cell body to 1 side?

A

unipolar neuron

89
Q

Where are unipolar neurons found?

A

They are found in sensory neurons of the PNS.

90
Q

Multipolar neurons have _____ very long _____ and multiple ________.

A

one, axon, dendrites

91
Q

Where are multi-polar neurons commonly found?

A

In the CNS

92
Q

______ neurons include all skeletal muscle motor neurons.

A

multi-polar

93
Q

Name the 3 functional classifications of Neurons.

A

Sensory Neurons
Motor Neurons
Interneurons

94
Q

Afferent neurons of the PNS are known as ______ neurons.

A

sensory

95
Q

Efferent neurons of the PNS are known as ______ neurons.

A

motor

96
Q

Association neurons are known as ______.

A

Interneurons

97
Q

What is the function of sensory neurons?

A

To deliver information from the sensory receptors to the CNS.

98
Q

Name the 3 types of sensory receptors.

A

Interoceptors
Exteroceptors
Proprioceptors

99
Q

What type of sensory receptor monitors internal systems (digestive, respiratory etc.) and internal senses (taste etc.)?

A

Interoceptors

100
Q

What do exteroceptors monitor?

A

They monitor external senses (touch, temperature, pressure etc.) and distance senses (sight, smell and hearing).

101
Q

What do proprioceptors monitor?

A

They monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)

102
Q

______ neurons carry instructions from the CNS to _____ effectors.

A

Motor, peripheral

103
Q

What do motor neurons carry instructions from the CNS to effectors via?

A

Via efferent fibers aka. axons

104
Q

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System are the 2 main _____ systems.

A

Efferent

105
Q

Where are Interneurons located?

A

Most are located in brain, spinal cord and autonomic ganglia.

106
Q

Interneurons are found between what?

A

Interneurons are found between Sensory and Motor Neurons.

107
Q

Interneurons are responsible for the:

  1. Distribution of _______ _______
  2. Coordination of _____ _____
  3. Involved in _____ functions eg. memory and learning
A

Sensory Information
Motor Activity
Higher

108
Q

How many types of neuroglia are in the CNS?

A

4

109
Q

Name the 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS.

A

Ependymal Cells, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes and Microglia.

110
Q

What are Ependymal Cells?

A

Cells with highly branched processes that contact neuroglia directly.

111
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Large cell bodies with many processes.

112
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Smaller cell bodies with fewer processes.

113
Q

What are smallest and least numerous neuroglia with many fine-branched processes known as?

A

Microglia

114
Q

The cell bodies of neurons in the PNS are clustered in masses called ______.

A

Ganglia.

115
Q

Ganglia are surrounded by _______ in the PNS.

A

neuroglia

116
Q

What are the 2 types of Neuroglia in the PNS?

A

Satellite cells and Schwann cells

117
Q

______ _______ are also called amphicytes.

A

Satellite Cells

118
Q

Satellite cells surround _____.

A

ganglia

119
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

To regulate the environment around the neuron

120
Q

_______ _______ are also called neurilemma cells.

A

Schwann Cells

121
Q

What do Schwann Cells do?

A

They form myelin sheaths (neurilemma) around peripheral axons.

122
Q

One ____ cell sheaths one segment of axon.

A

Schwann

123
Q

Many Schwann cells ____ the entire _____.

A

sheath, axon

124
Q

Neurons _____, Neuroglia ______.

A

perform, preserve

125
Q

What do Neurons perform?

A

They perform all communication, information processing and control functions of the nervous system.

126
Q

What do Neuroglia preserve?

A

They preserve physical and biochemical structure of neural tissue

127
Q

What is essential to the survival and function of neurons?

A

Neuroglia

128
Q

Identify the 2 anatomical divisions of the nervous system.

A

CNS and PNS

129
Q

Identify the 2 functional divisions of the PNS.

A

Afferent Division and Efferent Division

130
Q

What is the primary function of the afferent division?

A

To bring sensory information to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs.

131
Q

What is the function of the efferent division?

A

To carry motor commands from the CNS to muscles, glands and adipose tissue.

132
Q

Identify the 2 components of the efferent division of the PNS.

A

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

133
Q

What would be the effect of damage to the afferent division of the PNS?

A

The afferent division is composed of nerves that carry sensory information to the brain and spinal cord, so any damage would interfere with a persons ability to experience a variety of sensory stimuli.

134
Q

Name 4 structural components of a typical neuron.

A

Cell body (soma), Dendrites, Axon and Telodendria.

135
Q

According to structure, how are neurons classified?

A 
They are classified as either:
Anaxonic,
Bipolar
Unipolar 
or Multi-polar
136
Q

Classify neurons according to their function.

A

Sensory neurons, Motor Neurons and Interneurons.

137
Q

Are unipolar neurons in a tissue sample more likely to function as sensory neurons or motor neurons?

A

Sensory Neurons

138
Q

Name the neuroglia of the CNS.

A

Ependymal Cells, Astrocytes, Oligondendrocytes and Microglia.

139
Q

Name the neuroglia of the PNS.

A

Satellite Cells and Schwann Cells.

anatomy (31 decks)

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