Organisation of the Nervous System- 1 Flashcards
1
Q
The neural system includes all _____ _______ in the body.
A
neural tissue
2
Q
Neural tissues contains 2 different kinds of _____.
A
cells
3
Q
Name the 2 kinds of cells that make up neural tissue.
A
Neurons and Neuroglia
4
Q
What is the function of a neuron?
A
To send and receive signals
5
Q
What is the function of neuroglia?
A
To support and protect neurons
6
Q
Name the organs of the nervous system.
A
- brain and spinal cord (CNS)]
- sensory receptors of sense organs (eyes, ears etc.)
7
Q
______ connect the nervous system with other systems.
A
Nerves
8
Q
A function of the nervous system is to direct _____ ______ to ______.
A
immediate responses, stimuli
9
Q
What does the nervous system coordinate/moderate?
A
it coordinates/moderates activities of other organ systems
10
Q
The nervous system _____ and _____ ______ information about ______ conditions.
A
provides, interprets, sensory ,external
11
Q
Name the 2 anatomical divisions of the nervous system.
A
Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
12
Q
What does the CNS consist of?
A
The spinal cord and brain
13
Q
The CNS contains ______ tissue, ____ tissues and _____ vessels.
A
neural, connective, blood
14
Q
What does the Peripheral Nervous System include?
A
It includes all neural tissue outside the CNS.
15
Q
What processes and coordinates data from inside and outside of the body?
A
The CNS
16
Q
The CNS processes and coordinates ____ commands controlling activities of ______ organs.
A
motor, peripheral
17
Q
The CNS controls the _____ functions of the brain.
A
higher
18
Q
Name some of the higher functions of the brain.
A
Intelligence, memory, learning and emotion
19
Q
The ___ performs complex integrative functions.
A
brain
20
Q
What is a primary function of the brain?
A
To control both voluntary and autonomic activities.
21
Q
What is a primary function of the spinal cord?
A
To relay information to and from the brain.
22
Q
The _____ performs less complex integrative functions than the ______.
A
spinal cord, brain
23
Q
What body part directs many simple involuntary activities?
A
The spinal cord
24
Q
The _____ includes all the neural tissue outside the CNS.
A
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
25
What are the 2 functions of the PNS?
- To deliver sensory information to the CNS
| - carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems
26
What are (peripheral) nerves?
Bundles of axons with connective tissues and blood vessels.
27
What do nerves/peripheral nerves do?
They carry sensory information and motor commands in the PNS.
28
What do cranial nerves connect to?
They connect to the brain.
29
What do spinal nerves attach to?
The spinal cord
30
Name the 2 divisions of the PNS.
Afferent division and efferent division,
31
What does the afferent division do?
It carries sensory information from PNS sensory receptors to CNS.
32
What is the function of a receptor?
To detect changes or to respond to stimuli.
33
Neurons/specialised cells that detect changes or respond to stimuli within complex sensory organs are known as _________.
receptors
34
What does the efferent division do?
It carries motor commands from the CNS to the PNS muscles and glands.
35
The efferent division carries motor commands to _____ ______.
target organs
36
Target organs which respond to the information from the CNS by doing something, are known as ________.
Effectors
37
Effectors can be ____ and ______, they respond to ______ signals.
cells, organs, efferent
38
What does SNS stand for?
Somatic Nervous System
39
What does the Somatic Nervous System control?
it controls voluntary and involuntary (reflexes) skeletal muscle contractions.
40
Apart from the Somatic Nervous System (SNS), name the other type of nervous system.
Autonomic Nervous System
41
What does ANS stand for?
Autonomic Nervous System
42
What does the Autonomic Nervous System control?
The ANS controls subconscious actions, contractions of smooth muscle + cardiac muscle and glandular secretions.
43
What division has a stimulating effect?
Sympathetic Division
44
What division has a relaxing effect?
Parasympathetic Division
45
What monitors smell, taste, vision, balance and hearing?
special sensory receptors
46
Visceral sensory receptors monitor _____ ______.
internal organs
47
What monitors skeletal muscles, joints and skin surface?
Somatic sensory receptors
48
What integrates, processes and coordinates sensory data and motor commands?
The CNS
49
_____ commands within the efferent division will either go to the _____ nervous system or the _____ nervous system.
motor, somatic nervous system, afferent nervous system
50
Does the SNS have any divisions?
No
51
Does the ANS have any divisions?
Yes, 2 , parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions :)
52
What is the effector of the Somatic Nervous System?
Skeletal Muscle
53
Name the 4 effectors of the ANS that can either be stimulated or relaxed.
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands and adipose tissue :)
54
What are neurons?
They are the basic functional units of the nervous system.
55
Where is the multi-polar neuron found?
Its common in the CNS
56
Name the 3 parts of a typical multi-polar neuron.
cell body (soma), short + branched dendrites and a long + single axon.
57
What does the cell body of the neuron most importantly contain?
It contains a large Nucleus and Nucleolus
58
In the cell body a cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus, what is this cytoplasm called?
Perikaryon
59
What produces the neurons energy that's found in the soma (cell body) ?
Mitochondria
60
The soma also contains a ____ ______ reticulum and r______.
rough endoplasmic, ribosomes
61
What are the ribosomes in the soma used for?
They are used to produce neurotransmitters.
62
Dendrites are ___ _____ and have dendritic ______.
highly branched, spines
63
Dendrites are in control of many ____ processes.
fine
64
What do dendrites receive?
They receive information from other neurons
65
What makes up 80 to 90% of a neurons surface area?
Dendrites
66
The _____ is long and critical for the neuron to function.
axon
67
What is the function of the axon?
To carry electrical signals (action potential) to target.
68
What is the area where a neuron communicates with another cell known as?
The synapse
69
Every synapse involves ___ cells.
2
70
Name the 2 cells involved in a synapse.
A presynaptic cell and a postsynaptic cell.
71
What is the presynaptic cell?
It is the neuron that sends a message.
72
What is the postsynaptic cell?
It is the neuron that receives the message.
73
The communication between cells/neurons at a _____ most commonly involves the release of chemicals called _______ by the synaptic_______.
synapse, neurotransmitters, terminal.
74
What are the chemical messengers that travel between the synapse known as?
Neurotransmitters
75
Where are neurotransmitters released?
They are released at the presynaptic membrane.
76
What do neurotransmitters affect?
They affect receptors of the post synaptic membrane
77
What are neurotransmitters broken down by?
Enzymes
78
After being broken down, neurotransmitters are then _____ at the ____ ______.
reassembled, axon terminal
79
Neurotransmitters are _____ messengers.
chemical
80
What is the synapse (junction) between a neuron and a muscle called?
Neuromuscular Junction
81
What is the synapse (junction) between a neuron and a gland called?
Neuroglandular Junction
82
What neuron is small and commonly found in the brain and sense organs?
Anaxonic Neurons
83
What neuron has a cell body with all surrounding dendrites (like a star) ?
Anaxonic Neurons
84
Name the main feature of a bipolar neuron.
It has one dendrite and one axon.
85
Where are bipolar neurons found?
They are found in special sensory organs (eg. eyes, ears, nose)
86
________ neurons have very long axons.
Unipolar
87
In unipolar neurons, what are fused together?
dendrites and axons
88
In what neuron type is the cell body to 1 side?
unipolar neuron
89
Where are unipolar neurons found?
They are found in sensory neurons of the PNS.
90
Multipolar neurons have _____ very long _____ and multiple ________.
one, axon, dendrites
91
Where are multi-polar neurons commonly found?
In the CNS
92
______ neurons include all skeletal muscle motor neurons.
multi-polar
93
Name the 3 functional classifications of Neurons.
Sensory Neurons
Motor Neurons
Interneurons
94
Afferent neurons of the PNS are known as ______ neurons.
sensory
95
Efferent neurons of the PNS are known as ______ neurons.
motor
96
Association neurons are known as ______.
Interneurons
97
What is the function of sensory neurons?
To deliver information from the sensory receptors to the CNS.
98
Name the 3 types of sensory receptors.
Interoceptors
Exteroceptors
Proprioceptors
99
What type of sensory receptor monitors internal systems (digestive, respiratory etc.) and internal senses (taste etc.)?
Interoceptors
100
What do exteroceptors monitor?
They monitor external senses (touch, temperature, pressure etc.) and distance senses (sight, smell and hearing).
101
What do proprioceptors monitor?
They monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)
102
______ neurons carry instructions from the CNS to _____ effectors.
Motor, peripheral
103
What do motor neurons carry instructions from the CNS to effectors via?
Via efferent fibers aka. axons
104
Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System are the 2 main _____ systems.
Efferent
105
Where are Interneurons located?
Most are located in brain, spinal cord and autonomic ganglia.
106
Interneurons are found between what?
Interneurons are found between Sensory and Motor Neurons.
107
Interneurons are responsible for the:
1. Distribution of _______ _______
2. Coordination of _____ _____
3. Involved in _____ functions eg. memory and learning
Sensory Information
Motor Activity
Higher
108
How many types of neuroglia are in the CNS?
4
109
Name the 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS.
Ependymal Cells, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes and Microglia.
110
What are Ependymal Cells?
Cells with highly branched processes that contact neuroglia directly.
111
What are astrocytes?
Large cell bodies with many processes.
112
What are oligodendrocytes?
Smaller cell bodies with fewer processes.
113
What are smallest and least numerous neuroglia with many fine-branched processes known as?
Microglia
114
The cell bodies of neurons in the PNS are clustered in masses called ______.
Ganglia.
115
Ganglia are surrounded by _______ in the PNS.
neuroglia
116
What are the 2 types of Neuroglia in the PNS?
Satellite cells and Schwann cells
117
______ _______ are also called amphicytes.
Satellite Cells
118
Satellite cells surround _____.
ganglia
119
What is the function of satellite cells?
To regulate the environment around the neuron
120
_______ _______ are also called neurilemma cells.
Schwann Cells
121
What do Schwann Cells do?
They form myelin sheaths (neurilemma) around peripheral axons.
122
One ____ cell sheaths one segment of axon.
Schwann
123
Many Schwann cells ____ the entire _____.
sheath, axon
124
Neurons _____, Neuroglia ______.
perform, preserve
125
What do Neurons perform?
They perform all communication, information processing and control functions of the nervous system.
126
What do Neuroglia preserve?
They preserve physical and biochemical structure of neural tissue
127
What is essential to the survival and function of neurons?
Neuroglia
128
Identify the 2 anatomical divisions of the nervous system.
CNS and PNS
129
Identify the 2 functional divisions of the PNS.
Afferent Division and Efferent Division
130
What is the primary function of the afferent division?
To bring sensory information to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs.
131
What is the function of the efferent division?
To carry motor commands from the CNS to muscles, glands and adipose tissue.
132
Identify the 2 components of the efferent division of the PNS.
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
133
What would be the effect of damage to the afferent division of the PNS?
The afferent division is composed of nerves that carry sensory information to the brain and spinal cord, so any damage would interfere with a persons ability to experience a variety of sensory stimuli.
134
Name 4 structural components of a typical neuron.
Cell body (soma), Dendrites, Axon and Telodendria.
135
According to structure, how are neurons classified?
```
They are classified as either:
Anaxonic,
Bipolar
Unipolar
or Multi-polar
```
136
Classify neurons according to their function.
Sensory neurons, Motor Neurons and Interneurons.
137
Are unipolar neurons in a tissue sample more likely to function as sensory neurons or motor neurons?
Sensory Neurons
138
Name the neuroglia of the CNS.
Ependymal Cells, Astrocytes, Oligondendrocytes and Microglia.
139
Name the neuroglia of the PNS.
Satellite Cells and Schwann Cells.
