Organisation of the Nervous System- 1 Flashcards
The neural system includes all _____ _______ in the body.
neural tissue
Neural tissues contains 2 different kinds of _____.
cells
Name the 2 kinds of cells that make up neural tissue.
Neurons and Neuroglia
What is the function of a neuron?
To send and receive signals
What is the function of neuroglia?
To support and protect neurons
Name the organs of the nervous system.
- brain and spinal cord (CNS)]
- sensory receptors of sense organs (eyes, ears etc.)
______ connect the nervous system with other systems.
Nerves
A function of the nervous system is to direct _____ ______ to ______.
immediate responses, stimuli
What does the nervous system coordinate/moderate?
it coordinates/moderates activities of other organ systems
The nervous system _____ and _____ ______ information about ______ conditions.
provides, interprets, sensory ,external
Name the 2 anatomical divisions of the nervous system.
Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
What does the CNS consist of?
The spinal cord and brain
The CNS contains ______ tissue, ____ tissues and _____ vessels.
neural, connective, blood
What does the Peripheral Nervous System include?
It includes all neural tissue outside the CNS.
What processes and coordinates data from inside and outside of the body?
The CNS
The CNS processes and coordinates ____ commands controlling activities of ______ organs.
motor, peripheral
The CNS controls the _____ functions of the brain.
higher
Name some of the higher functions of the brain.
Intelligence, memory, learning and emotion
The ___ performs complex integrative functions.
brain
What is a primary function of the brain?
To control both voluntary and autonomic activities.
What is a primary function of the spinal cord?
To relay information to and from the brain.
The _____ performs less complex integrative functions than the ______.
spinal cord, brain
What body part directs many simple involuntary activities?
The spinal cord
The _____ includes all the neural tissue outside the CNS.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
What are the 2 functions of the PNS?
- To deliver sensory information to the CNS
- carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems
What are (peripheral) nerves?
Bundles of axons with connective tissues and blood vessels.
What do nerves/peripheral nerves do?
They carry sensory information and motor commands in the PNS.
What do cranial nerves connect to?
They connect to the brain.
What do spinal nerves attach to?
The spinal cord
Name the 2 divisions of the PNS.
Afferent division and efferent division,
What does the afferent division do?
It carries sensory information from PNS sensory receptors to CNS.
What is the function of a receptor?
To detect changes or to respond to stimuli.
Neurons/specialised cells that detect changes or respond to stimuli within complex sensory organs are known as _________.
receptors
What does the efferent division do?
It carries motor commands from the CNS to the PNS muscles and glands.
The efferent division carries motor commands to _____ ______.
target organs
Target organs which respond to the information from the CNS by doing something, are known as ________.
Effectors
Effectors can be ____ and ______, they respond to ______ signals.
cells, organs, efferent
What does SNS stand for?
Somatic Nervous System
What does the Somatic Nervous System control?
it controls voluntary and involuntary (reflexes) skeletal muscle contractions.
Apart from the Somatic Nervous System (SNS), name the other type of nervous system.
Autonomic Nervous System
What does ANS stand for?
Autonomic Nervous System
What does the Autonomic Nervous System control?
The ANS controls subconscious actions, contractions of smooth muscle + cardiac muscle and glandular secretions.
What division has a stimulating effect?
Sympathetic Division
What division has a relaxing effect?
Parasympathetic Division
What monitors smell, taste, vision, balance and hearing?
special sensory receptors
Visceral sensory receptors monitor _____ ______.
internal organs
What monitors skeletal muscles, joints and skin surface?
Somatic sensory receptors
What integrates, processes and coordinates sensory data and motor commands?
The CNS
_____ commands within the efferent division will either go to the _____ nervous system or the _____ nervous system.
motor, somatic nervous system, afferent nervous system
Does the SNS have any divisions?
No
Does the ANS have any divisions?
Yes, 2 , parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions :)
What is the effector of the Somatic Nervous System?
Skeletal Muscle
Name the 4 effectors of the ANS that can either be stimulated or relaxed.
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands and adipose tissue :)
What are neurons?
They are the basic functional units of the nervous system.
Where is the multi-polar neuron found?
Its common in the CNS
Name the 3 parts of a typical multi-polar neuron.
cell body (soma), short + branched dendrites and a long + single axon.
What does the cell body of the neuron most importantly contain?
It contains a large Nucleus and Nucleolus
In the cell body a cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus, what is this cytoplasm called?
Perikaryon
What produces the neurons energy that’s found in the soma (cell body) ?
Mitochondria
The soma also contains a ____ ______ reticulum and r______.
rough endoplasmic, ribosomes
What are the ribosomes in the soma used for?
They are used to produce neurotransmitters.
Dendrites are ___ _____ and have dendritic ______.
highly branched, spines
Dendrites are in control of many ____ processes.
fine
What do dendrites receive?
They receive information from other neurons
What makes up 80 to 90% of a neurons surface area?
Dendrites
The _____ is long and critical for the neuron to function.
axon
What is the function of the axon?
To carry electrical signals (action potential) to target.
What is the area where a neuron communicates with another cell known as?
The synapse
Every synapse involves ___ cells.
2
Name the 2 cells involved in a synapse.
A presynaptic cell and a postsynaptic cell.
What is the presynaptic cell?
It is the neuron that sends a message.
What is the postsynaptic cell?
It is the neuron that receives the message.
The communication between cells/neurons at a _____ most commonly involves the release of chemicals called _______ by the synaptic_______.
synapse, neurotransmitters, terminal.
What are the chemical messengers that travel between the synapse known as?
Neurotransmitters
Where are neurotransmitters released?
They are released at the presynaptic membrane.
What do neurotransmitters affect?
They affect receptors of the post synaptic membrane
What are neurotransmitters broken down by?
Enzymes
After being broken down, neurotransmitters are then _____ at the ____ ______.
reassembled, axon terminal
Neurotransmitters are _____ messengers.
chemical
What is the synapse (junction) between a neuron and a muscle called?
Neuromuscular Junction
What is the synapse (junction) between a neuron and a gland called?
Neuroglandular Junction
What neuron is small and commonly found in the brain and sense organs?
Anaxonic Neurons
What neuron has a cell body with all surrounding dendrites (like a star) ?
Anaxonic Neurons
Name the main feature of a bipolar neuron.
It has one dendrite and one axon.
Where are bipolar neurons found?
They are found in special sensory organs (eg. eyes, ears, nose)
________ neurons have very long axons.
Unipolar
In unipolar neurons, what are fused together?
dendrites and axons
In what neuron type is the cell body to 1 side?
unipolar neuron
Where are unipolar neurons found?
They are found in sensory neurons of the PNS.
Multipolar neurons have _____ very long _____ and multiple ________.
one, axon, dendrites
Where are multi-polar neurons commonly found?
In the CNS
______ neurons include all skeletal muscle motor neurons.
multi-polar
Name the 3 functional classifications of Neurons.
Sensory Neurons
Motor Neurons
Interneurons
Afferent neurons of the PNS are known as ______ neurons.
sensory
Efferent neurons of the PNS are known as ______ neurons.
motor
Association neurons are known as ______.
Interneurons
What is the function of sensory neurons?
To deliver information from the sensory receptors to the CNS.
Name the 3 types of sensory receptors.
Interoceptors
Exteroceptors
Proprioceptors
What type of sensory receptor monitors internal systems (digestive, respiratory etc.) and internal senses (taste etc.)?
Interoceptors
What do exteroceptors monitor?
They monitor external senses (touch, temperature, pressure etc.) and distance senses (sight, smell and hearing).
What do proprioceptors monitor?
They monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)
______ neurons carry instructions from the CNS to _____ effectors.
Motor, peripheral
What do motor neurons carry instructions from the CNS to effectors via?
Via efferent fibers aka. axons
Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System are the 2 main _____ systems.
Efferent
Where are Interneurons located?
Most are located in brain, spinal cord and autonomic ganglia.
Interneurons are found between what?
Interneurons are found between Sensory and Motor Neurons.
Interneurons are responsible for the:
- Distribution of _______ _______
- Coordination of _____ _____
- Involved in _____ functions eg. memory and learning
Sensory Information
Motor Activity
Higher
How many types of neuroglia are in the CNS?
4
Name the 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS.
Ependymal Cells, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes and Microglia.
What are Ependymal Cells?
Cells with highly branched processes that contact neuroglia directly.
What are astrocytes?
Large cell bodies with many processes.
What are oligodendrocytes?
Smaller cell bodies with fewer processes.
What are smallest and least numerous neuroglia with many fine-branched processes known as?
Microglia
The cell bodies of neurons in the PNS are clustered in masses called ______.
Ganglia.
Ganglia are surrounded by _______ in the PNS.
neuroglia
What are the 2 types of Neuroglia in the PNS?
Satellite cells and Schwann cells
______ _______ are also called amphicytes.
Satellite Cells
Satellite cells surround _____.
ganglia
What is the function of satellite cells?
To regulate the environment around the neuron
_______ _______ are also called neurilemma cells.
Schwann Cells
What do Schwann Cells do?
They form myelin sheaths (neurilemma) around peripheral axons.
One ____ cell sheaths one segment of axon.
Schwann
Many Schwann cells ____ the entire _____.
sheath, axon
Neurons _____, Neuroglia ______.
perform, preserve
What do Neurons perform?
They perform all communication, information processing and control functions of the nervous system.
What do Neuroglia preserve?
They preserve physical and biochemical structure of neural tissue
What is essential to the survival and function of neurons?
Neuroglia
Identify the 2 anatomical divisions of the nervous system.
CNS and PNS
Identify the 2 functional divisions of the PNS.
Afferent Division and Efferent Division
What is the primary function of the afferent division?
To bring sensory information to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs.
What is the function of the efferent division?
To carry motor commands from the CNS to muscles, glands and adipose tissue.
Identify the 2 components of the efferent division of the PNS.
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
What would be the effect of damage to the afferent division of the PNS?
The afferent division is composed of nerves that carry sensory information to the brain and spinal cord, so any damage would interfere with a persons ability to experience a variety of sensory stimuli.
Name 4 structural components of a typical neuron.
Cell body (soma), Dendrites, Axon and Telodendria.
According to structure, how are neurons classified?
They are classified as either: Anaxonic, Bipolar Unipolar or Multi-polar
Classify neurons according to their function.
Sensory neurons, Motor Neurons and Interneurons.
Are unipolar neurons in a tissue sample more likely to function as sensory neurons or motor neurons?
Sensory Neurons
Name the neuroglia of the CNS.
Ependymal Cells, Astrocytes, Oligondendrocytes and Microglia.
Name the neuroglia of the PNS.
Satellite Cells and Schwann Cells.
