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anatomy > Sensory Receptors (S2 L1) > Flashcards

Sensory Receptors (S2 L1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

Specialised cells that provide the CNS with information (stimuli) about conditions inside or outside of the body.

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2
Q

What does the activation of a sensory receptor by an adequate stimulus result in?

A

Depolarization or graded potentials.

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3
Q

What does depolarization or graded potentials trigger?

A

This triggers nerve impulses along the afferent fibres (coursing to the CNS).

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4
Q

Nerve impulses travel along the ________ fibres coursing to the ______.

A

Afferent, CNS.

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5
Q

What is arriving information called?

A

Sensation.

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6
Q

What is the conscious awareness of a sensation called?

A

Perception.

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7
Q

Describe the distribution and structure of special senses.

A

Special senses are localised and are complex in structure.

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8
Q

What type of sensory receptors are widely distributed and simple in structure?

A

General Sensor Receptors.

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9
Q

The information from special senses is distributed to _____ areas of the ______ _______ and to centres throughout the _____ ______.

A

Specific, Cerebral, Cortex, Brain Stem.

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10
Q

Name the 4 special senses.

A
  • Hearing and Balance
  • Olfaction (smell)
  • Gustation (taste)
  • Sight (vision)
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11
Q

For hearing and balance, the sensory organ is the ____ and the special sensory receptors are the _____ and the _______.

A

Ear, Cochlea, Labyrinth.

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12
Q

What body part do we use for Olfaction? Name the receptors found here.

A

The Nose, Olfactory receptors.

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13
Q

What is the scientific name for taste?

A

Gustation.

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14
Q

The ______ receptors in the _____ are responsible for gustation.

A

Gustatory, tongue.

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15
Q

What are the special receptors found in the eye that allow vision?

A

Photoreceptors (rods and cones)

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16
Q

Some of the information that General Sensor Receptors send to the _____, reaches the _____ ______ cortex and our ______ ________.

A

CNS, primary sensory, conscious awareness.

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17
Q

Name the 4 types of General Sensor Receptors.

A
  1. Nociceptors
  2. Thermoreceptors
  3. Mechanoreceptors
  4. Chemoreceptors
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18
Q

Nociceptors respond to _____.

A

Pain.

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19
Q

What type of general sensor receptor responds to temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors.

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20
Q

What do Mechanoreceptors respond to?

A

Physical Distortion.

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21
Q

What type of receptor responds to changes in chemical concentration?

A

Chemoreceptors.

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22
Q

Name the 3 Broad Functional Categories of the General Senses.

A
  • Exteroceptors
  • Proprioceptors
  • Interoceptors.
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23
Q

______ provide information about external environment (touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, special sense receptors).

A

Exteroceptors.

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24
Q

What category of the general senses provides information about body position and movement by monitoring the degree of stretch?

A

Proprioceptors.

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25
Q

What do Interoceptors provide information about? Give a few examples.

A

They provide information about internal systems. eg. chemical changes, tissue stretch and temperature changes.

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26
Q

What are sensory receptors found in the dermis/epidermis known as?

A

Cutaneous Sensory Receptors.

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27
Q

What types of receptors does cutaneous sensory receptors include?

A

Mechanoreceptors, Nociceptors and Thermoreceptors.

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28
Q

What receptor detects light touch and rapidly adapt low threshold afferents?

A

Hair Follicles

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29
Q

Hair follicles have the perceptual function of what?

A

skin movement.

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30
Q

What mechanoreceptor lies in the dermis and responds to the stretch of skin?

A

Ruffini Corpuscles.

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31
Q

Ruffini corpuscles are SA Cutaneous mechanoreceptors, and contribute to the perception of object _____.

A

Motion.

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32
Q

Mechano-nociceptor and Polymodal nociceptor detect ________ or _____ to the _____.

A

Pain, Injury, skin.

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33
Q

There atre 3 types of Cutaneous _____.

A

Afferents.

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34
Q

Name the 3 types of Cutaneous Afferents.

A
  • Type II sensory fiber (group Aβ)
  • Type III sensory fiber (group Aδ fiber)
  • Type IV sensory fiber (Group C)
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35
Q

The thickest cutaneous afferent is Type __.

A

Type II (group Aβ)

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36
Q

Type II (group Aβ) have _________ rapidly and slowly adapting ______________.

A

Various, Mechanoreceptors.

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37
Q

Type III/group Aδ fibers are _____ than Type II/group Aβ fibers. Name the types of information that runs along this afferent.

A

Thinner,

pain, temperature etc.

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38
Q

Type C afferents are the thinnest and are _________.

A

Unmyelinated.

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39
Q

What information does Type C carry?

A

Pain.

40
Q

Name the 2 types of mechanoreceptors for proprioception.

A

Muscle Spindles

Golgi Tendons

41
Q

Muscle Spindles can be thought of as what detectors?

A

Length detectors.

42
Q

Muscle spindles contain Group ____ for velocity and direction and Group ____ for sustained static position.

A

IA

II

43
Q

Golgi Tendons can be thought of as a ______ detector.

A

Force.

44
Q

Golgi tendons detect _____ whereas muscle spindles detect ____.

A

Force.

Length

45
Q

Golgi Tendon contain Group ____ afferent neurons, branched in ____ fibres to form _____.

A

Ib, Collagen, Tendons.

46
Q

Alpha Motor neurons and Gamma Motor neurons are ______ ________.

A

Somatic Efferents.

47
Q

Alpha motor neurons are _____ diameter Type A large anterior horn cells/motor neurones that innervate _____ __________.

A

Large, Skeletal muscle.

48
Q

Gamma Motor neurons are ____ diameter Type A axons innervating _______ _______ fibres.

A

Small, Intrafusal Muscle.

49
Q

How are peripheral nerves classified?

A

According to conduction velocity/fibre diameter.

50
Q

The diameter of afferent fibres innervating ,muscle have different _____ from those innervating the _____.

A

Distribution, skin.

51
Q

_____ afferents are classified as follows:

  • Group I (Αα) = ______ myelinated fibres (proprioceptors)
  • Group II (Aβ) = small ______ fibres (proprioceptors)
  • Group III (Aδ) = ______ myelinated fibres (proprioceptors/____)
  • Group IV (C) = _______ (pain)
A 
Muscle
Large
Myelinated
Smallest, pain
Unmyelinated
52
Q

Afferents lead to the ______.

A

CNS.

53
Q

Name order of the Somatic Sensory Pathway (from the spinal cord).

A

Spinal Cord > Medulla > Mid-brain > Thalamus.

54
Q

Where are sensations perceived?

A

In the primary sensory cortex.

55
Q

Sensory pathways synapse in the ______.

A

Thalamus.

56
Q

Pain, temperature and coarse touch information go to the _____ ______.

A

Spinal cord.

57
Q

Fine touch, vibration and proprioception pathways cross the midline in the _______.

A

Medulla.

58
Q

The CNS receives input from a large number of sensory receptors, what is this known as?

A

Sensory Transduction.

59
Q

The Peripheral Nervous system is split into ______ and ______.

A

Motor, sensory.

60
Q

Information from the PNS goes to the _____ _____.

A

Spinal Cord.

61
Q

Special senses (Sight, taste, smell and hearing) information goes straight to the ______.

A

Brain.

62
Q

What is the “language” of the CNS?

A

Electric Signals.

63
Q

What must each receptor cell convert its sensory input/stimulus, into?

A

It must convert the stimulus into an electric signal.

64
Q

Structures with sensory receptors have selectivity. What is meant by this?

A

They only respond to a particular stimulus and this stimulus must be adequate.

65
Q

The steps to convert a stimulus into an electrical signal:

  1. External ______.
  2. _____
  3. _______
  4. ______
  5. Then a _______ (electrical signal).
A 
Signal
Receptor
Transducer
Amplifier
Response
66
Q

A stimulus can cause a _____ change in membrane.

A

Structural.

67
Q

The structural change in membrane causes conductance change, causing a receptor ___, which then causes a receptor ______. This then passes from the 1st order neuron to the ____ _____ neuron.

A

Current, Potential.

2nd Order.

68
Q

An ____ stimulus will open ____ at the receptor.

A

Adequate, channels.

69
Q

The opening of channels at the receptor results in an inward flux of ______ which causes _______.

A

Sodium, depolarization.

70
Q

A receptor potential is a type of ____ _______.

A

Graded Potential.

71
Q

The stronger the stimulus the greater the ____ potential.

A

Graded.

72
Q

Graded Potentials have no ____ period, so what does this mean?

A

Refractory, This means that sustained contraction is possible.

73
Q

What is the order of events from receiving a stimulus to perceiving it? (4 processes)

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Transmission
  4. Perception
74
Q

Sensory neurones transform a physical ____ into and ____ _______.

A

Stimulus, electrical activity.

75
Q

Define Adaptation?

A

The different responses of different receptors to a similar stimuli.

76
Q

_____ receptors are always active.

A

Tonic

77
Q

Tonic receptors generate ____ ______.

A

Action potentials.

78
Q

Pain receptors, Joint capsules and ,muscle spindles are examples of ____ receptors.

A

Tonic.

79
Q

What type of receptor is normally inactive?

A

Phasic receptor.

80
Q

When do Phasic Receptors become active for a short time (think phases)?

A

When there is a change in the conditions are monitoring.

81
Q

Tonic receptors are ____ adapting receptors and respond for the _____ of the stimulus (always active) whereas Phasic receptors ______ adapt to a constant stimulus and turn ___.

A

Slowly, Duration, Rapidly, Off.

82
Q

Graded Potentials can vary in ______ whereas the action potentials are the ____, as long as its triggered (all or none principle).

A

Magnitude, Same.

83
Q

Graded Potentials have no ____ and no _____ period.

A

Threshold, Refractory.

84
Q

Graded potentials can be _____ or _______, whereas action potentials can only be _______.

A

Depolarization, Hyperpolarization, Depolarization.

85
Q

What are graded potentials initiated by?

A

Environmental Stimulation of Receptors, by neurotransmitter release at synapse between neurones.

86
Q

Action potential duration is ______ whereas Graded potential can ____.

A

Constant, Vary.

87
Q

______ potential is initiated by membrane depolarization.

A

Action.

88
Q

What potentials are dominated by receptor gated channels?

A

Graded Potentials

89
Q

_____ potentials are dominated by sensitive/dependent ion channels.

A

Action.

90
Q

What stage does the Involuntary Motor Pathway not have?

A

Perception stage (as we do the action unconsciously, without thinking about it).

91
Q

Fill in the blanks:

  1. Arriving _______
  2. ____ Potential Generation
  3. Propa_____
  4. _____ processing
  5. Voluntary or Immediate Involuntary _____
A 
Stimulus
Action
Propagation
CNS
Response
92
Q

What does local anaesthetic block and how?

A

It blocks action potential propagation by acting on sodium channels.

93
Q

Conduction block occurs based on axon ______. Firstly it blocks small ____ axons (pain), the ________ axons and finally ____ myelinated axons (motor and sensory).

A

Diameter.

Myelinated, non-myelinated, large.

94
Q

The order of block of a local anesthetic is:

  1. Most Importantly _____, then
  2. Temperature
  3. Touch
  4. Proprioception and ______.
A

Pain

Motor.

95
Q

The effect of pressure block or electrical stimulation happens in _____ order from anaesthetic block. The axons with the ____ diameter are affected.

A

Reverse, Largest.

anatomy (31 decks)

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